Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation of the MAX Transport Ventilator

Abstract

Background

Transport of critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients from intensive care units for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has become common in the last decade. Maintenance of adequate oxygenation and ventilation during transport is mandatory. We evaluated the Hamilton MAX transport ventilator in the laboratory and in the clinical arena to determine its usefulness during in-hospital transport.

Methods

In the laboratory, we determined the MAX's ability to assure tidal volume (VT) delivery in the face of decreasing compliance of a test lung, and we tested the alarm system. Using a two-compartment lung model modified to simulate spontaneous breathing, we also evaluated the responsiveness of the demand valve. The clinical evaluation was accomplished by comparing arterial blood gases and ventilator settings in the intensive care unit to those during transport.

Results

As lung compliance was reduced from 0.1 to 0.02 L/cm H2O [1.0 to 0.20 L/kPa], delivered VT fell significantly at each set VT. The alarm systems performed according to manufacturer's specifications. The demand valve triggered appropriately without positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), but as PEEP was increased, triggering became more difficult. The demand valve is referenced to ambient pressure and cannot compensate for elevated end-expiratory pressures. During patient transport, arterial blood gases were comparable to those achieved in the ICU. Because an inspired oxygen concentration of 1.0 was used during transport, arterial oxygenation (PaO2) was significantly greater (123 ± 75 vs 402 ± 85 torr [16.4 ± 10 vs 53.6 ± 11 kPa]). A higher ventilator rate was required during transport to prevent tachypnea (7 ± 3 vs 12 ± 6 breaths/min), and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) was higher during transport (40 ± 8 vs 52 ± 11 cm H2O [3.9 ± 0.8 vs 5.1 ± 1.1 kPa]).

Conclusions

The MAX is a reliable transport ventilator, capable of maintaining adequate ventilation and oxygenation in a majority of mechanically ventilated patients. Care should be taken to assure adequate VT delivery at high PIP, and ventilator rate may require adjustment to prevent tachypnea associated with triggering the non-PEEP-compensated demand valve when PEEP > 8 cm H2O [0.8 kPa] is used.