Tests of Small Airways Function

Hogg JC , Macklem PT , Thurlbeck WM . Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 1968;278:1355–1360.

Macklem PT , Mead J. Resistance of central and peripheral airways measured by a retrograde catheter. J Appl Physiol 1967;22:395–401.

Brown R , Woolcock AJ , Vincent NJ , Macklem PT . Physiological effects of experimental airway obstruction with beads. J Appl Physiol 1969;27:328–335.

Anthonisen NR , Bass H , Oriol A , Place REG , Bates D V . Regional lung function in patients with chronic bronchitis. Clin Sci 1968;35:495–511.

Woolcock AJ , Vincent NJ , Macklem PT . Frequency dependence of compliance as a test for obstruction in the small airways. J Clin Invest 1969;48:1097–1106.

Macklem PT . Obstruction in small airways: A challenge to medicine. Am J Med 1972;52:721–724.

Buist AS . Current status of small airways disease. Chest 1984;86:100–105.

Buist AS . Evaluation of lung function: Tests of small airway function. In: Simmons DH , ed. Current pulmonology, Vol 3. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981:341–359.

Collins JV , Clark TJH , McHardy-Young S , et al. Closing volume in healthy non-smokers. Br J Dis Chest 1973;67:19–23.

Dosman J , Bode F , Urbanette J , et al. The use of a helium-oxygen mixture during maximum expiratory flow to demonstrate obstruction in small airways in smokers. J Clin Invest 1975;55:1090–1099.

Buist AS , Van Fleet DI , Ross BB . A comparison of conventional spirometric tests and the test of closing volume in an emphysema screening center. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;107:735–743.

Buist AS , Ross BB . Quantitative analysis of the alveolar plateau in the diagnosis of early airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;108:1078–1087.

Buist AS , Ghezzo H , Anthonisen NR , et al. Relationship between the single-breath N2 test and age, sex, and smoking habit in three North American cities. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;120:305–318.

Manfreda J , Nelson N , Cherniack RM . Prevalence of respiratory abnormalities in a rural and an urban community. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;117:215–226.

Knudson RJ , Lebowitz MD , Burton AP , et al. The closing volume test: Evaluation of nitrogen and bolus methods in a random population. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;115:423–434.

Lam S , Abboud RT , Chan-Yeung M , et al. The use of a helium-oxygen mixture during maximum expiratory flow to demonstrate obstruction in small airways in smokers. J Clin Invest 1975;55:1090–1099.

Becklake MR , Permutt S. Evaluation of tests of lung function for "screening" for early detection of chronic obstructive lung disease. In: Macklem PT , Permutt S , eds. The lung in the transition between health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1979:345–387.

Buist AS , Ross BB . Predicted values for closing volumes using a modified single breath nitrogen test. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976;107:723–738.

Despas PJ , Leroux M , Macklem PT . Site of airway obstruction in asthma as determined by measuring maximal expiratory flow breathing air and a helium-oxygen mixture. J Clin Invest 1972;51:3235–3243.

Hutcheon M , Griffin P , Levison H , Zamel N. Volume of isoflow: A new test in detection of mild abnormalities of lung mechanics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974;110:458–465.

Cosio M , Ghezzo M , Hogg JC , et al. The relations between structural changes in small airways and pulmonary function tests. N Engl J Med 1978;298:1277–1281.

Berend N , Woolcock AJ , Marlin GE . Correlation between the function and structure of the lung in smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;119:695–705.

Petty TL , Silvers GW , Stanford RE , Baird MD , Mitchell RS . Small airway pathology is related to increased closing capacity and abnormal slope of phase III in excised human lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;121:449–456.

Wright JL , Lawson LM , Pare PD , Wiggs BJ , Kennedy S , Hogg JC . Morphology of peripheral airways in current smokers and ex-smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;127:474–477.

Matsuba K , Shirakusa T , Kuwano K , Hayashi S , Shigematsu N. Small airways disease in patients without chronic air-flow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:1106–1111.

Petty TL , Silvers GW , Stanford RE . Radial traction and small airways disease in excised human lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:132–135.

Buist AS , Vollmer WM , Johnson LR , McCamant LE . Does the single-breath N2 test identify the smoker who will develop chronic airflow limitation? Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:293–301.

Marazzini L , Vezzoli F , Longhini E. Respiratory function 8 years after diagnosis of peripheral airways disease. Respiration 1981;42:88–97.

Oloffson J , Bake B , Svardsudd K , Skoogh BE . The single breath N2-test predicts the rate of decline in FEV1. The study of men born in 1913 and 1923. Eur J Respir Dis 1986;69:46–56.

Stanescu DC , Rodenstein DO , Hoeven C , Robert A. "Sensitive tests" are poor predictors of the decline in forced expiratory volume in one second in middle-aged smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:585–590.

Beaty TH , Menkes HA , Cohen BH , Newill CA . Risk factors associated with longitudinal change in pulmonary function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:660–667.

Fowler WS . Lung function studies. III. Uneven pulmonary ventilation in normal subjects and in patients with pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol 1949;2:283–299.

Suggested standardized procedures for closing volume determinations. Division of Lung Diseases. National Heart and Lung Institute, July, 1973.

Buist AS . Closing volumes and flow-volume studies. In: Chusid EL , ed. The selective and comprehensive testing of adult pulmonary function testing. Mt Kisco NY: Futura Publishing Inc, 1983:55–75.

Buist AS . The measurement of closing volume (slide-tape program). American Thoracic Society, 1975.

Nemery B , Moavero NE , Brasseur L , Stanescu DC . Significance of small airway tests in middle-aged smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;124:232–38.

Teculescu DB , Prefaut C. Why did density dependence of maximal expiratory flows not become a useful epidemi-ological tool? Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1987;23:639–648.

Buist AS . Smoking and other risk factors. In: Murray JF , Nadel JA , eds. Textbook of respiratory medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1988.

American Thoracic Society. Standardization of spirometry-1987 update. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:1285–1298.