SteinM, KootaGM, FrankHA. Pulmonary evaluation of surgical patients. JAMA1962;181:765–770.
3.
TarhanS, MoffettEA, SesslerAD, DouglasWW, TaylorWF. Risk of anesthesia and surgery in patients with chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Surgery1973;74:720–726.
4.
GraceyDR, DivertieMB, DidierEP. Preoperative pulmonary preparation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest1979;76:123–129.
5.
RubinskyB.Screening tests to plan preoperative and postoperative respiratory therapy. Respir Ther1980;10(3):21–25.
6.
AliJ, KhanTA. The comparative effects of muscle transection and median upper abdominal incisions on postoperative pulmonary function. Surg Gynecol Obstet1970;148:862–864.
7.
BeecherHK. The measured effect of laparotomy on the respiration. J Clin Invest1933;12:639–650.
8.
FordWT, WhitelawWA, RosenalTW, CrusePJ, GuenterCA. Diaphragm function after abdominal surgery in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis1983;127:431–436.
9.
FerrisBG, PollardDS. Effect of deep and quiet breathing on pulmonary compliance in man. J Clin Invest1960;39:143–144.
10.
EgbertLD, BendixenHH. Effect of morphine on breathing pattern: A possible factor in atelectasis. JAMA1964;188:485–488.
11.
RehderK, SesslerAD, MarshH.General anesthesia and the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis1975;112:540–542.
12.
GeorgeJ, HornumI, MellemgardK.The mechanism of hypoxemia after laparotomy. Thorax1966;22:382–387.
13.
ByrdRB. Preventing pulmonary complications of surgery. Respir Ther1982;12(6):37–42.
14.
HarrisSD, JohansonWGJr, PierceAK. Bacterial clearance in hypoxic mice (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis1975;111:910.
15.
GreenGM, JakabGJ, LowRB, DavisGS. State-of-the-art. Defense mechanisms of the respiratory membrane. Am Rev Respir Dis1977;115:479–514.
16.
TisiGM. Preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function. Am Rev Respir Dis1979;119:293–310.
17.
SchoonoverG, OlsenGN. Pulmonary function testing in the preoperative period: A review of the literature. J Clin Surg1982;1:125–138.
18.
SteinM, CassaraEL. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation and therapy for surgical patients. JAMA1970;211:787–790.
19.
GassDG, OlsenGN. Preoperative pulmonary function testing to predict postoperative morbidity and mortality. Chest1986;98:127–135.
20.
WarringFCJr. Ventilatory function. Am Rev Tuberc1945;51:432–441.
21.
GaenslerEA, CugellDW, LindgrenI, VerstraetenJM, SmithSS, StriederJW. The role of pulmonary insufficiency in mortality and invalidism following surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis. J Thorac Surg1955;29:163–187.
22.
WestbrookPR, StubbsSE, SesslerAD, RehderK, HyattRE. Effects of anesthesia and muscle paralysis on respiratory mechanics in normal man. J Appl Physiol1973;34:81–86.
23.
WightmanJAK. A prospective survey of the incidence of postoperative complications. Br J Surg1968;55:85–91.
24.
LatimerRG, DickmanM, DayWC, GunnML, SchmidtCD. Ventilatory patterns and pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery determined by preoperative and postoperative computerized spirometry and blood gas analysis. Am J Surg1971;122:622–632.
25.
McCarthyDS, SpencerR, GreeneR, Milic-EmiliJ.Measurement of "closing volume" as a simple and sensitive test for early detection of small airway disease. Am J Med1972;52:747–753.
26.
BedellGN, WilsonWR, SeebohmPM. Pulmonary function in obese persons. J Clin Invest1958;37:1049–1060.
27.
PasulkaPS, BistrianBR, BenottiPN, BlackburnGL. The risks of surgery in obese patients. Ann Intern Med1986;104:540–546.
28.
AroraNS, RochesterDF. Respiratory muscle strength and maximal voluntary ventilation in undernourished patients. Am Rev Respir Dis1982;126:5–8.
29.
AliJ, WeiselRD, LayugAB, KripkeBJ, HechtmanHB. Consequences of postoperative alterations in respiratory mechanics. Am J Surg1974;128:376–382.
30.
JohnsonWC. Postoperative ventilatory performance: Dependence upon surgical incision. Am J Surg1975;41:615–619.
31.
WilliamsCD, BrenowitzJR. Ventilatory patterns after vertical and transverse upper abdominal incisions. Am J Surg1975;130:725–728.
32.
MillerJI, GrossmanGD, HatcherCR. Pulmonary function test criteria for operability and pulmonary resection. Surg Gynecol Obstet1981;153:894–895.
33.
BoysenPG, BlockAJ, MoulderPV. Relationship between preoperative pulmonary function tests and complications after thoracotomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet1981;152:812–813.
34.
KlugTJ, McPhersonRC. Postoperative complications in the elderly surgical patient. Am J Surg1959;97:713–717.
35.
PecoraDV. Predictability of effects of abdominal and thoracic surgery upon pulmonary function. Ann Surg1969;170:101–108.
36.
PoeRH, KallayMC, DassT, CelebricA.Can postoperative pulmonary complications after elective cholecystectomy be predicted?Am J Med Sci1988;295:29–34.
37.
GaribaldiRA, BrittMR, ColemanML, ReadingJC, PageNL. Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Am J Med1981;70:677–680.
38.
EickhoffTC. Pulmonary infections in surgical patients. Surg Clin North Am1980;60:175–183.
39.
GoldM.The present status of IPPB therapy. Chest1975;67:469–470.
40.
IversonLI, EckerRR, FoxHE, MayIA. A comparative study of IPPB, the incentive spirometer, and blow bottles: The prevention of atelectasis following cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg1978;25:197–200.
41.
SandsJH. A controlled study using routine intermittent positive pressure breathing in the postsurgical patient. Chest1961;40:128–133.
42.
Van de WaterJ, WatringWG, LintonLA, MurphyM, BryonRL. Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications. Surg Gynecol Obstet1972;135:779–780.
43.
LeithDE. Conference on the scientific basis of respiratory therapy: Review comments concerning presentations and discussions of the intermittent positive pressure breathing session. Am Rev Respir Dis1974;110:200–202.
44.
JungR, WightJ, NusserR, RosoffL.Comparison of three methods of respiratory care following upper abdominal surgery. Chest1980;78:31–35.
BartlettRH, BrennanML, GazzanigaAB, HansonEL. Studies on the pathogenesis and prevention of postoperative complications. Surg Gynecol Obstet1973;137:1–9.
48.
CravenJL, EvansGA, DavenportJC, WilliamsRHP. The evaluation of the incentive spirometer in the management of postoperative pulmonary complications. Br J Surg1974;61:793–797.
49.
SchwiegerI, GamulinZ, ForsterA, MeyerP, GemperieM, SuterPM. Absence of benefit of incentive spirometry in low risk patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Chest1986;89:5–8.
50.
O'DonohueWJJr. National survey of the usage of lung expansion modalities for the prevention and treatment of postoperative atelectasis following abdominal and thoracic surgery. Chest1985;87:76–80.
51.
DohiS, GoldMI. Comparison of two methods of postoperative respiratory care. Chest1978;5:592–595.
52.
LedererDH, Van de WaterJM, IndeckRB. Which deep breathing device should the postoperative patient use?Chest1980;77:610–613.
53.
RauJLJr, ThomasL, HaynesRL. The effect of method of administering incentive spirometry on postoperative pulmonary complications in coronary artery bypass patients. Respir Care1988;33:771–778.
54.
StockCM, DownsJB, GauerPK, AlsterJM, ImreyPB. Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications with CPAP, incentive spirometry, and conservative therapy. Chest1985;87:151–157.
KatzJA, OzanneGM, ZinnSE, FairleyHB. Time course and mechanics of lung-volume increase with PEEP in acute pulmonary failure. Anesthesiology1981;54:9–16.
57.
KatzJA. PEEP and CPAP in perioperative respiratory care. Respir Care1984;29:614–629.
58.
AndersonJB, OlesenKP, EikardE, JansenE, QuistJ.Periodic continuous positive airway pressures (CPAP) by mask in the treatment of atelectasis: A sequential analysis. Eur J Respir Dis1980;61:20–25.
59.
SmithRA, KirbyRR, GoodingJM, CivettaJM. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by face mask. Crit Care Med1980;8:483–484.
60.
CovelliHD, WeledBJ, BeekmanJF. Efficiency of continuous positive airway pressure administered by face mask. Chest1982;81:147–150.
61.
LindnerKH, LotzP, AhnefeldFW. Continuous positive airway pressure effect on functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and its subdivisions. Chest1987;92:66–70.
62.
StockMC, DownsJB, CorkranML. Pulmonary function before and after prolonged CPAP by mask. Crit Care Med1984;12:973–974.
63.
WilsonRS. Intermittent CPAP to prevent atelectasis in postoperative patients. Respir Care1983;28:71–73.
64.
RickstenS, BengtssonA, SoderbergC, ThordenM, QvistH.Effects of periodic positive airway pressure by mask on postoperative pulmonary function. Chest1986;89:774–781.
65.
TorringtonKG, SorensonDE, SherwoodL.Postoperative chest percussion with postural drainage in obese patients following gastric stapling. Chest1984;86:891–895.
66.
BoysenP.Assessment for lung resection. Respir Care1984;29:506–515.
