DollR, PetoR.Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors. Br Med J1976;2:1525–1536.
2.
FletcherCM, PetoR, TinkerC, SpeizerFE. The natural history of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
3.
HughesJA, HutchisonDCS, BellamyD, DowdDE, RyanKC, Hugh-JonesP.The influence of cigarette smoking and its withdrawal on the annual change of lung function in pulmonary emphysema. Q J Med1982;202:115–124.
4.
MortonHJV. Tobacco smoking and pulmonary complica-tions after operation. Lancet1944;1:368–370.
5.
WightmanJAK. A prospective survey of the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. Br J Surg1968;55:85–91.
6.
LaszloG, ArcherGG, DarrellJH, DawsonJM, FletcherCM. The diagnosis and prophylaxis of pulmonary complica-tions of surgical operation. Br J Surg1973;60:129–134.
7.
LatimerRG, DickmanM, DayWC, GunnML, SchmidtCD. Ventilatory patterns and pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery determined by preoperative and postoperative computerized spirometry and blood gas analy-sis. Am J Surg1971;122:622–632.
8.
ChalonJ, TayyabMA, RamanathanS.Cytology of respira-tory epithelium as a predictor of respiratory complications after operation. Chest1975;67:32–35.
9.
PoeRH, DassT, CelebicA.Small airway testing and smok-ing in predicting risk in surgical patients. Am J Med Sci1982;283:57–63.
10.
WiklanderO, NorlinU.Effect of physiotherapy on post-operative pulmonary complications. Acta Chir Scand1957;112:246–254.
11.
SteinM, KootaGM, SimonM, FrankHA. Pulmonary evaluation of surgical patients. JAMA1962;181:765–770.
12.
SteinM, CassaraEL. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation and therapy for surgery patients. JAMA1970;211:787–790.
13.
BoushySF, BilligDM, NorthLB, HelgasonAH. Clinical course related to preoperative and postoperative pulmonary function in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest1971;59:383–391.
14.
GraceyDR, DivertieMB, DidierEP. Preoperative pulmo-nary preparation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmo-nary disease. Chest1979;76:123–129.
15.
OlsenGN, BlockAJ, SwensonEW, CastleJR, WynneJW. Pulmonary function evaluation of the lung resection candi-date: A prospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis1975;111:379–387.
16.
HoggJC, MacklemPT, ThurlbeckWM. Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med1968;278:1355–1360.
17.
CosioM, GhezzoH, HoggJC, . The relations between structural changes in small airways and pulmonary-function tests. N Engl J Med1978;298:1277–1281.
18.
PettyTL, SilversGW, StanfordRE, BairdMD, MitchellRS. Small airway pathology is related to increased closing capacity and abnormal slope of phase III in excised human lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis1980;121:449–456.
19.
BerendN, WrightJL, ThurlbeckWM, MarlinGE, Wool-cockAJ. Small airways disease: Reproducibility of measure-ments and correlation with lung function. Chest1981;79:263–268.
20.
BerendN, WoolcockAJ, MarlinGE. Correlation between the function and structure of the lung in smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis1979;119:695–705.
21.
CosioMG, HaleKA, NiewoehnerDE. Morphologic and morphometric effects of prolonged cirgarette smoking on the small airways. Am Rev Respir Dis1980;122:265–271.
22.
BuistAS, GhezzoH, AnthonisenNR, . Relationship between the single-breath N₂ test and age, sex, and smoking habit in three North American cities. Am Rev Respir Dis1979;120:305–318.
23.
OxhojH, BakeB, WilhelmsenL.Ability of spirometry, flow-volume curves and the nitrogen closing volume test to detect smokers: A population study. Scand J Respir Dis1977;58:80–96.
24.
FibuchEE, RehderK, SesslerAD. Preoperative CC/FRC ratio and postoperative hypoxemia. Anesthesiology1975;43:481–485.
25.
MendenhallWL, ShreeveKE. The effect of cigarette smoke on the tracheal cilia (abstract). J Pharmacol Exp Ther1937;60:111–112.
26.
BattistaSP, KenslerCJ. Mucus production and ciliary trans-port activity. Arch Environ Health1970;20:326–338.
27.
MendenhallWL, ShreeveK.Effect of tobacco smoke on ciliary action (abstract). J Pharmacol Exp Ther1940;69:295.
28.
HildingAC. On cigarette smoking, bronchial carcinoma and ciliary action. N Engl J Med1956;254:1155–1160.
29.
FalkHL, TremerHM, KotinP.Effect of cigarette smoke and its constituents on ciliated mucus-secreting epithelium. J Natl Cancer Inst1959;23:999–1012.
30.
DalhamnT.Studies on tracheal ciliary activity. Am Rev Respir Dis1963;87:870–877.
31.
IravaniJ, MelvilleGN. Long-term effect of cigarette smoke on mucociliary function in animals. Respiration1974;31:358–366.
32.
AlbertRE, SpiegelmanJR, ShatskyS, LippmannM.The effect of acute exposure to cigarette smoke on bronchial clearance in the miniature donkey. Arch Environ Health1969;18:30–41.
33.
AlbertRE, AlessandroD, LippmannM, BergerJ.Long-term smoking in the donkey. Arch Environ Health1971;22:12–19.
34.
AlbertRE, BergerJ, SanbornK, LippmannM.Effects of cigarette smoke components on bronchial clearance in the donkey. Arch Environ Health1974;29:96–101.
35.
WannerA, HirschJA, GreeneltchDE, SwensonEW, ForeT.Tracheal mucous velocity in beagles after chronic exposure to cigarette smoke. Arch Environ Health1973;27:370–371.
36.
AlbertRE, LippmannM, BriscoeW.The characteristics of bronchial clearance in humans and the effects of cigarette smoking. Arch Environ Health1969;18:738–755.
37.
LourencoRV, KlimekMF, BorowskiCJ. Deposition and clearance of 2µ particles in the tracheobronchial tree of normal subjects-smokers and nonsmokers. J Clin Invest1971;50:1411–1420.
38.
CamnerP, PhilipsonK.Tracheobronchial clearance in smoking-discordant twins. Arch Environ Health1972;25:60–63.
39.
GoodmanRM, YerginBM, LandaJF, GolinvauxMH, Sack-nerMA. Relationship of smoking history and pulmonary function tests to tracheal mucous velocity in nonsmokers, young smokers, ex-smokers, and patients with chronic bron-chitis. Am Rev Respir Dis1978;117:205–214.
40.
PaviaD, ShortMD, ThomsonML. No demonstratable long term effects of cigarette smoking on the mucociliary mecha-nism of the human lung. Nature1970;226:1228–1231.
41.
ThomsonML, PaviaD.Long-term tobacco smoking and mucociliary clearance. Arch Environ Health1973;26:86–89.
42.
YeatesDB, AspinN, LevisonH, JonesMT, BryanAC. Mucociliary tracheal transport rates in man. J Appl Physiol1975;39:487–495.
43.
TobinMJ, SacknerMA. Monitoring smoking patterns of low and high tar cigarettes with inductive plethysmography. Am Rev Respir Dis1982;126:258–264.
44.
TobinMJ, JenouriG, SacknerMA. Subjective and objective measurement of cigarette smoke inhalation. Chest1982;82:696–700.
45.
ReglandB, CajanderS, WimanLG, FalkmerS.Scanning electron microscopy of the bronchial mucosa in some lung diseases using bronchoscopy specimens. Scand J Respir Dis1976;57:171–182.
46.
NiewoehnerDE, KleinermanJ, RiceDB. Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smok-ers. N Engl J Med1974;291:755–758.
47.
LeeCT, FeinAM, LippmannM, HoltzmanH, KimbelP, WeinbaumG.Elastolytic activity in pulmonary lavage fluid from patients with adult respiratory-distress syndrome. N Engl J Med1981;304:192–196.
48.
TobinMJ, HutchisonDCS. An overview of the pulmonary features of a-antitrypsin deficiency. Arch Intern Med1982;142:1342–1348.
49.
HeffnerJE, SahnSA. Salicylate-induced pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med1981;95:405–409.
50.
SimaniAS, InoueS, HoggJC. Penetration of respiratory epithelium of guinea pigs following exposure to cigarette smoke. Lab Invest1974;31:75–81.
HaleyRW, HootonTM, CulverDH, . Nosocomial infections in U.S. hospitals, 1975-1976. Am J Med1981;70:947–959.
53.
TobinMJ, GrenvikA.Nosocomial lung infection and its diagnosis. Crit Care Med1984;12:191–199.
54.
JohansonWGJr, PierceAK, SanfordJP, ThomasGD. Nosocomial respiratory infections with gram-negative bacilli. The significance of colonization of the respiratory tract. Ann Intern Med1972;77:701–706.
55.
JohansonWGJr, WoodsDE, ChaudhuriTE. Association of respiratory tract colonization with adherence of gram-nega-tive bacilli to epithelial cells. J Infect Dis1979;139:667–673.
56.
JohansonWGJr, HiguchiJH, ChaudhuriTR, WoodsDE. Bacterial adherence to epithelial cells in bacillary coloniza-tion of the respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis1980;121:55–63.
57.
RamanAS, SwinburneAJ, FedulloAJ. Pneumococcal ad-herence to the buccal epithelial cells of cigarette smokers. Chest1983;83:23–27.
58.
CorberandJ, NguyenF, DoAH, . Effect of tobacco smoking on the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun1979;23:577–581.
59.
MillerLG, GoldsteinG, MurphyM, GinnsLC. Reversible alterations in immunoregulatory T cells in smoking. Chest1982;82:526–529.
60.
GerrardJW, HeinerDC, KoCG, MinkJ, MeyersA, DosmanJA. Immunoglobulin levels in smokers and non-smokers. Ann Allergy1980;44:261–262.
61.
BurrowsB, HalonenM, BarbeeRA, LebowitzMD. The relationship of serum immunoglobulin E to cigarette smok-ing. Am Rev Respir Dis1981;124:523–525.
62.
BarterCE, CampbellAH. Relationship of constitutional factors and cigarette smoking to decrease in 1-second forced expiratory volume. Am Rev Respir Dis1976;113:305–314.
63.
BartlettRH. Pulmonary pathophysiology in surgical pa-tients. Surg Clin North Am1980;60:1323–1338.
64.
Van DeWaterJM. Pre-operative and post-operative tech-niques in the prevention of pulmonary complications. Surg Clin North Am1980;60:1339–1348.
65.
TarhanS, MoffittEA, SesslerAD, DouglasWW, TaylorWF. Risk of anesthesia and surgery in patients with chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Surgery1973;74:720–726.
66.
KrumholzRA, ChevalierRB, RossJC. Changes in cardio-pulmonary functions related to abstinence from smoking. Ann Intern Med1965;62:197–207.
67.
WilhelmsenL.Effects of bronchopulmonary symptoms, ventilation, and lung mechanics of abstinence from tobacco smoking. Scand J Respir Dis1967;48:407–414.
68.
PetersonDI, LonerganLH, HardingeMG. Smoking and pulmonary function. Arch Environ Health1968;16:215–218.
69.
IngramRH, O'CainCF. Frequency dependence of com-pliance in apparently healthy smokers versus non-smokers. Bull Physiopathol Respir1971;7:195–210.
70.
DirksenH, JanzonL, LindellSE. Influence of smoking and cessation of smoking on lung function. Scand J Respir Dis1974;85:266–274.
71.
BodeFR, DosmanJ, MartinRR, MacklemPT. Reversibility of pulmonary function abnormalities in smokers. Am J Med1975;59:43–52.
72.
MartinRR, LindsayD, DespasP, . The early detection of airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis1975;111:119–125.
73.
BuistAS, SextonGJ, NagyJM, RossBB. The effect of smoking cessation and modification of lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis1976;114:115–122.
74.
McCarthyDS, CraigDB, CherniackRM. Effect of modifi-cation of the smoking habit on lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis1976;114:103–113.
75.
AuerbachO, StoutAP, HammondEC, GarfinkelL.Bron-chial epithelium in former smokers. N Engl J Med1962;267:119–125.
76.
AuerbachO, StoutAP, HammondEC, GarfinkelL.Smok-ing habits and age in relation to pulmonary changes. N Engl J Med1963;269:1045–1054.
77.
AuerbachO, HammondEC, GarfinkelL.Changes in bron-chial epithelium in relation to cigarette smoking, 1955-1960 vs. 1970-1977. N Engl J Med1979;300:381–386.
78.
MacklemPT. Obstruction in small airways-A challenge to medicine. Am J Med1972;52:721–724.
79.
BuistAS, NagyJ.A longitudinal study of smokers and nonsmokers: 5-6 year follow-up using spirometry and the single breath N₂ test. Chest1980;77(Suppl):259.
80.
CamnerP, PhilipsonK, ArvidssonT.Withdrawal of ciga-rette smoking. Arch Environ Health1973;26:90–92.
81.
Santa CruzR, LandaJ, HirschJ, SacknerMA. Tracheal mucous velocity in normal man and patients with obstructive lung disease; effects of terbutaline. Am Rev Respir Dis1974;109:458–463.
82.
AlbertRE, PetersonHT, BohningDE, LippmannM.Short-term effects of cigarette smoking on bronchial clearance in humans. Arch Environ Health1975;30:361–367.
83.
MintyBD, JordanC, JonesJG. Rapid improvement in abnormal pulmonary epithelial permeability after stopping cigarettes. Br Med J1981;282:1183–1186.
84.
MasonGR, UszlerJM, EffrosRM, ReidE.Rapidly revers-ible alterations of pulmonary epithelial permeability induced by smoking. Chest1983;83:6–11.
85.
TobinMJ, HuchisonDCS. α₁-antitrypsin deficiency: Cur-rent and future therapeutic strategies. Drug Therapy1983;8:105–114.
86.
TobinMJ, JenouriG, SacknerMA. Effect of naloxone on change in breathing pattern with smoking. Chest1982;82:530–537.
87.
Joint Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians of London and the British Cardiac Society. Prevention of coro-nary heart disease. J R Coll Physicians1976;10:214–275.
88.
BattistaSP, KenslerCJ. Mucus produc-tion and ciliary transport activity: In vivo studies using the chicken. Arch Environ Health1970;20:326–338.
89.
GraceyDR, DivertieMB, DidierEP. Preoperative pulmonary preparation of patients with chronic obstructive pul-monary disease: A prospective study. Chest1979;76:123–129.
90.
CowieJ, SillettRW, BallKP. Carbon monoxide absorption by cigarette smokers who change to smoking cigars. Lancet1973;1:1033–1035.
91.
TurnerJA MCM, SillettRM, McNicolMW. The inhaling habits of pipe smokers. Br J Dis Chest1981;75:71–76.