To stage a successful mega-event, hosts believe they must present their city as safe and clean. Thus, policy-makers create and enforce spatial rules to hide the homeless from public view. Spatial conflicts peak when the homeless use public places selected for mega-event staging. We analyze these space conflicts from the perspective of the homeless before and during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Rio de Janeiro. We propose a framework of clean streets policies that are regularly used based on a spectrum of high- to low-conflict zones. Furthermore, we contribute to current knowledge suggesting there are invisible spatial barriers in no-conflict zones that violently enable new codes of behaviors for and among the homeless.
BackhausNorman, FrenzelFabian, and Stein-brinkMalte2014. “Tourismus und Armut: Altes Thema, neue Perspektiven. Vorwort der Heftbetreuer.”Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft6(1, 2): 139–40. https://doi.org/info: doi/10.5167/uzh-105707.
BobU., and Kassens-NoorE.2012. “An Indicator Framework to Assess the Legacy Impacts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.”African Journal for Physical Activity and Health Sciences18(0): 12–21–21.
5.
BoylePhilip, and KevinD. Haggerty2011. “Civil Cities and Urban Governance: Regulating Disorder for the Vancouver Winter Olympics.”Urban Studies48(15): 3185–3201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422391.
NalaniButler B., and ThomasJ. Aicher2015. “Demonstrations and Displacement: Social Impact and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.”Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events7(3): 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2014.997436.
8.
ButlerUdi Mandel2009. “Freedom, Revolt, and Citizenship: Three Pillars of Identity for Youngsters Living on the Streets of Rio de Janeiro.”Childhood-a Global Journal of Child Research16(1): 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568208101688.
9.
ButlerUdi, and RizziniIrene2003. “Young People Living and Working on the Streets of Brazil Revisiting the Literature.”Children, Youth and Environments13(1): 19.
10.
CaldeiraTeresa P. R.2001. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo.First edition.Berkeley: University of California Press.
11.
ChanSophy2014. “Unveiling the ‘Olympic Kidnapping Act’: Examining Public Policy and Homelessness in the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games.”London, Ontario, Canada: The University of Western Ontario.
12.
COHRE.2007. Fair Play for Housing Rights: Mega-Events, Olympic Games and Housing Rights.Centre on Housing Rights & Evictions.
CornelissenScarlett2011. “Mega Event Securitisation in a Third World Setting: Glocal Processes and Ramifications during the 2010 FIFA World Cup.”Urban Studies48(15): 3221–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422392.
15.
CornelissenScarlett, BobUrmilla, and SwartKamilla2011. “Sport Mega-Events and Their Legacies: The 2010 FIFA World Cup.”Development Southern Africa28(3): 305–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2011.595988.
16.
CornelissenScarlett, and SwartKamilla2006. “The 2010 Football World Cup as a Political Construct: The Challenge of Making Good on an African Promise.”The Sociological Review54(2): 108–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00656.x.
17.
CoxGary1998. “Faster, Higher, Stronger…but What about Our Rights? Human Rights and Hallmark Events.”Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal16(3): 175–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.1998.10590206.
DavisMike, and MonkD. B. eds. 2008. Evil Paradises: Dreamworlds of Neoliberalism.New York: The New Press.
20.
FahlbergAnjuli, and ThomasJ. Vicino2016. “Breaking the City: Militarization and Segregation in Rio de Janeiro.”Habitat International, Special Issue: Urban Segregation in Latin America, 54 (May): 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.08.042.
ForrestRS.1999. “The New Landscape of Precariousness.” In Homelessness: Exploring the New Terrain, edited by Kennett, Patricia and Marsh, Alex, 17–37. Bristol UK: Policy Press.
23.
FreemanJames2012. “Neoliberal Accumulation Strategies and the Visible Hand of Police Pacification in Rio de Janeiro”38 (1): 32.
24.
Freire-MedeirosBianca, and SteinbrinkMalte2013. “FIFAvela: Mega-Event, Favela Tourism and Resistance in Rio de Janeiro.” presented at the Resourceful Cities, Berlin.
25.
FrenzelFabian, and KoensKo2012. “Slum Tourism: Developments in a Young Field of Interdisciplinary Tourism Research.”Tourism Geographies14(2): 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.633222.
26.
GaffneyChristopher2010. “Mega-Events and Socio-Spatial Dynamics in Rio de Janeiro, 1919–2016.”Journal of Latin American Geography9(1): 7–29. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1353/lag.0.0068.
GoldsteinDonna M.2013. Laughter Out of Place: Race, Class, Violence, and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown. California Series in Public Anthropology. Oakland: University of California Press.
29.
GreeneSolomon J.2003. “Staged Cities: Mega-Events, Slum Clearance, and Global Capital.”Yale Human Rights and Development Journal6(1): 29.
HorneJohn, and ManzenreiterWalter2004. “Accounting for Mega-Events - Forecast and Actual Impacts of the 2002 Football World Cup Finals on the Host Countries Japan/Korea.”International Review for the Sociology of Sport39(2): 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690204043462.
HugginsMartha K., and MesquitaMyriam2002. “Civic Invisibility, MArginality, and Moral Exclusion: The Murders of Street Youth in Brazil.” In Children on the Streets of the Americas: Globalization, Homelessness and Education in the United States, Brazil, and Cuba, edited by MickelsonRoslyn Arlin, 257–68. London: Routledge.
36.
HummelCalla2018. “Do Poor Citizens Benefit from Mega-Events? São Paulo's Street Vendors and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.”Latin American Politics and Society60(4): 26–48. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.40.
37.
Kassens-NoorEva, GaffneyChristopher, MessinaJoe, and PhillipsEric2018. “Olympic Transport Legacies: Rio de Janeiro's Bus Rapid Transit System.”Journal of Planning Education and Research38(1): 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X16683228.
38.
Kassens-NoorE. (2016) From ephemeral planning to permanent urbanism: an urban planning theory for mega-events.Urban Planning. Vol 1 Iss 1. pp. 41–52. doi: 10.17645/up.v1i1.532
39.
KennellyJacqueline, and WattPaul2011. “Sanitizing Public Space in Olympic Host Cities: The Spatial Experiences of Marginalized Youth in 2010 Vancouver and 2012 London.”Sociology45(5): 765–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511413425.
40.
LefebvreHenri1996. Writings on Cities. Edited by KofmanEleonore, and LebasElizabeth. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
41.
LenskyjHelen2000. Inside the Olympic Industry: Power, Politics, and Activism.Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
42.
LenskyjHelen2002. The Best Olympics Ever? Social Impact of Sydney 2000.Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
ManzenreiterW.2008. “The ‘Benefits’ of Hosting: Japanese Experiences from the 2002 Football World Cup.”Asian Business & Management7(2): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1057/abm.2008.1.
MoulinNelly, and PereiraVilma2000. “Families, Schools, and the Socialization of Brazilian Children: Contemporary Dilemmas That Create Street Children.” In Children on the Streets of the Americas: Globalization, Homelessness and Education in the United States, Brazil, and Cuba, edited by MickelsonRoslyn, 304. London: Routledge.
MüllerMartin, and GaffneyChristopher2018. “Comparing the Urban Impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games From 2010 to 2016.”Journal of Sport and Social Issues42(4): 247–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830.
49.
MurrayJoseph, de Castro CerqueiraDaniel Ricardo, and KahnTulio2013. “Crime and Violence in Brazil: Systematic Review of Time Trends, Prevalence Rates and Risk Factors.”Aggression and Violent Behavior18(5): 471–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.003.
50.
de OliveiraTania Chalhub1997. “Homeless Children in Rio de Janeiro: Exploring the Meanings of Street Life.”Child and Youth Care Forum26(3): 163–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02589383.
51.
PillayUdesh, and BassOrli2008. “Mega-Events as a Response to Poverty Reduction: The 2010 FIFA World Cup and Its Urban Development Implications.”Urban Forum19(3): 329–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-008-9034-9.
52.
PorterLibby, JaconelliMargaret, CheyneJulian, EbyDavid, and WagenaarHendrik2009. “Planning Displacement: The Real Legacy of Major Sporting Events ‘Just a Person in a Wee Flat’: Being Displaced by the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow's East End Olympian Masterplanning in London Closing Ceremonies: How Law, Policy and the Winter Olympics Are Displacing an Inconveniently Located Low-Income Community in Vancouver Commentary: Recovering Public Ethos: Critical Analysis for Policy and Planning.”Planning Theory & Practice10(3): 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649350903229828.
53.
SánchezFernanda, and BroudehouxAnne-Marie2013. “Mega-Events and Urban Regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: Planning in a State of Emergency.”International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development5(2): 132–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2013.839450.
54.
Scheper-HughesNancy, and SargentCarolyn Fishel eds. 1998. “Brazilian Apartheid: Street Kids and the Struggle for Urban Space.”In Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood, 352–88. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.
55.
SchmidtKatharina, and IgorM. Medeiros Robaina2017. “Beyond Removal: Critically Engaging in Research on Geographies of Homelessness in the City of Rio de Janeiro.”Journal of Latin American Geography16(1): 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1353/lag.2017.0013.
56.
Scott-JonesJulie, and WattSal, eds. 2010. Ethnography in Social Science Practice.1st ed.London: Routledge.
57.
SmallWill, KrusiAndrea, WoodEvan, MontanerJulio, and KerrThomas2012. “Street-Level Policing in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver, Canada, during the 2010 Winter Olympics.”International Journal of Drug Policy23(2): 128–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.06.007.
58.
SteinbrinkMalte2013. “Festifavelisation: Mega-Events, Slums and Strategic City-Staging - the Example of Rio de Janeiro.” Die Erde-Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin144(2): 129–45. https://doi.org/10.12854/erde-144-10.
59.
SteinbrinkMalte, HaferburgChristoph, and LeyAstrid2011. “Festivalisation and Urban Renewal in the Global South: Socio-Spatial Consequences of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.”South African Geographical Journal93(1): 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2011.567827.
WoodDavid Murakami, and AbeKiyoshi2011. “The Aesthetics of Control: Mega Events and Transformations in Japanese Urban Order.”Urban Studies48(15): 3241–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422394.
