Long-Term Seizure Outcomes in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Abstract

Introduction

Seizures are common in autoimmune encephalitis (AE), but identifying patients at risk of chronic epilepsy in the post-acute phase remains challenging. This study aims to identify risk factors of treatment-resistant postencephalitic epilepsy.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients with AE who experienced new-onset seizures within one year of symptom onset from two tertiary care centers in New York. EEG findings were analyzed separately based on whether the EEG recording was obtained in the acute (<3 months from symptom onset) or subacute phase. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of postencephalitic epilepsy.

Results

Eighty-nine patients were included (median age: 33 years). Neural antibodies were present in 73% of patients (NMDAR: 35, LGI1: 19, GAD65: 9, Hu: 1, AGNA-1: 1). Over a median follow-up of 4.9 years, 29.2% developed treatment-resistant postencephalitic epilepsy. Independent predictors of postencephalitic epilepsy included focal slowing on acute EEG (OR 0.15, CI 0.02-0.90), interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) or periodic discharges (PDs) on subacute EEG (OR 20.01, CI 1.94-206.44), and cell surface antibodies (OR 0.21, CI 0.05-0.89). Immunotherapy within three months of onset was associated with decreased epilepsy development in patients with neural antibodies (OR 4.16, CI 1.11-16.30).

Conclusions

Nearly one-third of patients with AE and acute seizures developed treatment-resistant postencephalitic epilepsy, with significant predictors including absence of focal slowing on acute EEG, presence of IEDs and PDs on subacute EEG, absence of cell surface antibodies, and absence of early immunotherapy treatment of patients with positive neural antibodies.