Sports-Related Concussions and Closed Head Injuries in Pediatric Female Soccer Athletes: A 10-year Analysis of National Injury Data

Abstract

Background:

Female athletes are underrepresented in sports injury research, particularly regarding sports-related concussions (SRCs) and closed head injuries (CHIs). This study analyzes injury mechanisms in pediatric female soccer players to better address risks in this population.

Hypothesis:

It was hypothesized that soccer-related SRCs/CHIs in pediatric female players are most commonly caused by ball contact and direct player collisions, with a decrease in incidence over time due to improved safety measures

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiological.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Methods:

The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried for soccer-related SRCs/CHIs in girls aged 2 to 18 years from 2014 to 2023. Injury narratives were reviewed to identify mechanisms. National estimates (NEs) were calculated using NEISS statistical weights, and linear regression evaluated trends over time.

Results:

SRCs/CHIs comprised 16.1% of soccer-related injuries in females aged 2 to 18 years, with 84,519 nationally estimated injuries (2946 NEISS cases). Players aged 14 to 18 years accounted for 63.8% of cases. The most common mechanism was being hit by a soccer ball kicked by another player (35.0%). Player contact, including head-to-head collisions and rough play, caused 25.2% of injuries. For goalies, being kicked or kneed in the head was the leading mechanism (34.6%). A significant decrease in injuries was observed over time (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Female pediatric soccer head injuries decreased significantly from 2014 to 2023, with most injuries caused by ball contact or player collisions. These findings support implementing safety initiatives, such as headgear, concussion education, and gameplay modifications, to reduce injury risks based on the mechanisms identified.

Clinical Relevance:

This study highlights the need for safety measures that can be applied broadly across age groups to mitigate soccer-related head injuries in pediatric female athletes.