Waveform Analysis To Identify Biomechanical Relationships and Differences Between Softball Pitchers With and Without Pain

Abstract

Background:

Softball pitchers accrue high rates of injury. Research suggests certain mechanics at discrete pitch events are related with pain. Here, we examine relationships between peak throwing shoulder kinetics and trunk/pelvis kinematics and compare trunk/pelvis kinematics between pitchers who were healthy and those currently experiencing pain.

Hypothesis:

(1) Peak shoulder kinetics would be positively related to greater trunk and pelvis flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation; and (2) pitchers in pain would exhibit greater trunk and pelvis flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation during the pitch than those who were pain-free.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Methods:

A total of 42 high school pitchers (height, 1.71 ± 0.06 m; weight, 75.0 ± 15.9 kg; age, 16 ± 2 years) were separated into 2 groups based on presence or absence of pain. Peak kinetic data from 3 pitches per pitcher were averaged and used as dependent variables. Kinematic data were averaged across 3 trials, and time normalized to 101 datapoints between foot contact and follow-through of the pitch. Statistical parametric mapping regressions were used to assess the relationships between peak shoulder kinetics and waveform of trunk and pelvis kinematics.

Results:

Pelvic lateral tilt significantly predicted peak throwing shoulder superior (P = 0.05) and lateral (P = 0.04) force. Pelvis rotation predicted peak superior force (P = 0.02). Waveform analyses revealed no waveform differences between healthy pitchers and those currently experiencing pain.

Conclusion:

Peak shoulder kinetic variables are related with pelvic positioning during the pitch; however, trunk and pelvis kinematics do not differ according to presence of pain.

Clinical Relevance:

Pitchers in pain do not adopt specific trunk and pelvic alterations during the pitch, potentially concealing the effects of pain from visual identification. Coaches and clinicians need to discuss health status with pitchers versus relying on visual observations to understand pain and injury risk.