Tourniquet Use Does Not Affect Soft Tissue Outcomes Following Rotational Ankle Fracture Repair

Abstract

Introduction

Tourniquet use for ankle fracture fixation surgery is a common but not universally accepted practice due to concerns regarding soft tissue complications. Although prior literature has demonstrated increased short-term postoperative pain, tourniquet use’s association with other complications remains under-investigated.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed of adult patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of a closed rotational ankle fracture (OTA Type 44) between 2012 and 2024 at an urban academic health system. Patients were stratified by tourniquet use. Demographic information, injury characteristics, and operative variables were collected. The primary outcome was the development of postoperative complications—wound dehiscence, fracture-related infection, superficial wound infection, delayed wound healing, peripheral nerve injury, venous thromboembolism, and nonunion. Secondary outcomes were operative time and estimated blood loss. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between tourniquet use and postoperative complications.

Results

A total of 617 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 446 who had a tourniquet inflated during surgery and 171 who did not. No significant differences in baseline patient demographics or comorbidity were observed. After multivariable logistic regression, tourniquet use was not associated with higher odds of any wound complication, fracture-related infection, delayed wound healing, or peripheral nerve injury. Among patients in the tourniquet cohort, 4 developed venous thromboembolism and 7 developed a fracture nonunion. No such complications were observed among patients treated without a tourniquet. Tourniquet use was associated with a modest decrease in estimated blood loss (47.3 ± 44.2 vs 33.9 ± 36.0 mL, P < .001) with no significant increase in operative time.

Conclusion

Tourniquet use during operative fixation of closed rotational ankle fractures was not associated with increased soft tissue or bony complications. The findings support the safety of continued tourniquet use per surgeon preference, provided that appropriate patient selection is employed.