BrantinghamP. J.BrantinghamP. L. (1981). Environmental criminology. Sage Publications.
3.
El-HadedyN.El-HusseinyM. (2022). Evidence-based design for workplace violence prevention in emergency departments utilizing CPTED and space syntax analyses. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 15(1), 333–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867211042902
4.
International CPTED Association. (2022, January). Primer in CPTED – What is CPTED? The international crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) association. Retrieved April 20, 2026, from https://www.cpted.net/Primer-in-CPTED
5.
JacobD.JacobB.JacobE.JacobA. (2025). Effectiveness of environmental design interventions to reduce aggression and violence in emergency departments: A scoping review. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 18(4), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867251351027
6.
JacobsJ. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. Random House.
7.
JefferyC. R. (1971). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. BeverlyHills: Sage.
8.
Jeffery, C. R. (1977). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Beverly Hills (California): Sage.
9.
MohammadiGorjiS.BoschS. J.ValipoorS.De PortuG. (2021). Investigating the impact of healthcare environmental design on staff security: A systematic review. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 14(1), 251–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586720921407
10.
MohammadiGorjiS.NubaniL.BoschS. J.ValipoorS.McElhinneyS. (2023). Using space syntax analysis to measure patient aggression risk. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 16(2), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867231151225
11.
NewmanO. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention through urban design. Macmillan.
12.
NewmanO. (1996). Creating Defensible Space. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research. Retrieved from https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/def.pdf (Accessed 5/4/2026).
PatiD.PatiS.HarveyT. E.,Jr. (2016). Security implications of physical design attributes in the emergency department. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 9(4), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586715626549
15.
ReinR. K. (2022). American urbanist: How William H. Whyte's unconventional wisdom reshaped public life. Island Press.
16.
RizerN.JasaniG.ChangA. H.HsiehY. H.HsuE. B. (2025). Hospital-based shootings in the United States, 2000–2019. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 20(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.0503
17.
SavilleG.ClevelandG. (1997, December). 2nd generation CP TED: an antidote to the social Y2K virus of urban design. In the 2nd Annual International CPTED Conference, Orlando, FL (pp. 3–5).
18.
SchneiderR. H. (2005). Introduction: Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): Themes, theories, practice, and conflict. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 271–283.