The healthcare design community is adopting evidence-based design (EBD) at a startling rate. However, the role of research within an architectural practice is unclear. Reasons for the lack of clarity include multiple connotations of EBD, the tension between a research-driven market and market-driven research, and the competing expectations and standards of design practitioners and researchers. Research as part of EBD should be integral with the design process so that research directly contributes to building projects. Characteristics of a comprehensive programming methodology to close the gap between design and EBD are suggested.
AdamsJ.MounibE.PaiA.StuartN.ThomasR., & TomaszewiczP. (2006). Healthcare 2015: Win-win or lose-lose? A portrait and a path to successful transformation.Somers, NY: IBM Institute for Business Value.
American Hospital Association. (2007). When I'm 64: How boomers will change healthcare.Washington, DC: Author.
4.
American Institute of Architects. (2006). Guidelines for design and construction of health care facilities.New York: Author.
5.
BerglundB.LindvallT., & SchwelaD. H. (1999). Guidelines for community noise.Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
6.
BerryL.ParkerD.CoileR.HamiltonD. K.O'NeillD., & SadlerB. (2004). The business case for better buildings. Frontiers in Health Services Management, 21(1), 3–21.
7.
BlumbergR., & DevlinA. S. (2006). Design issues in hospitals: The adolescent client. Environment & Behavior, 38(3), 293–317.
CamaR. (2007, September). Where are the innovators in healthcare?Healthcare Design, 7(7), 8.
10.
CarpenterD. (2006, March). The boom goes on. Hospital & Health Networks, 80, 48–54.
11.
ChaudhuryH.MahmoodA., & ValenteM. (2003). The use of single-patient rooms versus multiple-occupancy rooms in acute care environments: Pilot study on comparative assessment of patient care issues in single- and multiple-occupancy patient rooms.Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design/Coalition for Health Environments Research.
12.
Cooper MarcusC. (1995). House as a mirror of self: Exploring the deeper meaning of home.Berkeley, CA: Conari Press.
13.
DerGurahianJ. (2007, December 10). States take the lead. Modern Healthcare, 37, 26–30.
14.
DevlinA., & ArneillA. B. (2003). Health care environments and patient outcomes: A review of the literature. Environment and Behavior, 35(5), 665–694.
15.
EvansJ. D. F. (2006, July). Statement of Daniel F. Evans, Jr., President and Chief Executive Officer, Clarian Health Partners. Testimony presented before the Sub-committee on Health of the House Committee on Ways and Means.
FornaraF.BonaiutoM., & BonnesM. (2006). Perceived hospital environment quality indicators: A study of orthopaedic units. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 321–334.
18.
GeboyL. & KellerA. B. (2006, November). Research in practice: The design researcher's perspective. Implications, 4(11), 1–7.
19.
GeboyL.KellerA. B., & SchnuckK. (2007). Assessing a hospital sound environment: Findings and evidence-based recommendations for architectural design and behavior. Manuscript submitted for publication.
20.
GreeneK. (2004, April 6). Marketing surprise: Older consumers buy stuff, too. The Wall Street Journal.
21.
GroatL., & WangD. (2002). Architectural research methods.New York: John Wiley & Sons.
22.
HamiltonD. K. (2003). The four levels of evidence-based practice. Healthcare Design, 3, 18–26.
23.
HamiltonD. K. (2007). In search of evidence: Uncovering information on hospital design. Health Facilities Management, 20, 20–24.
24.
HershbergerR. G. (1999). Architectural programming and predesign manager.New York: McGraw-Hill.
25.
HulleyS. B.CummingsS. R.BrownerW. S.GradyD. G., & NewmanT. B. (2007). Designing clinical research (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
26.
Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2005). Going lean in health care.Cambridge, MA: Author.
27.
Institute of Medicine. (1999). To err is human: Building a safer health system.Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
28.
KimD. (2001). Specialized knowledge roles and the professional status of healthcare architects. Dissertation Abstracts International.
29.
KongD. (2007). The 5-star hospital. Business 2.0, 13, 48–49.
30.
KuoF. E. (2002). Bridging the gap: How scientists can make a difference. In BechtelR. & ChurchmanA. (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 335–344). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
LawtonM. P. (Ed.). (1989). Behavior-relevant ecological factors.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
33.
McCormickM., & ShepleyM. M. (2003). How can consumers benefit from therapeutic environments?Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 20, 4–15.
34.
McEwenW. J. (2005). Married to the brand: Why consumers bond with some brands for life: Lessons from 60 years of research into the psychology of consumer relationships.New York: Gallup Press.
NelsonC.WestT., & GoodmanC. (2005). The hospital built environment: What role might funders of health services play?Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
37.
PitzH. (2007). Consumerism in healthcare: Impact on business models and processes. Asian Hospital & Healthcare Management, 13.
38.
PorterM. E., & TeisbergE. O. (2004, June). Redefining competition in health care. Harvard Business Review, 65–76.
39.
RashidM.KampschroerK.WinemanJ., & ZimringC. (2006) Spatial layout and face-to-face interaction in offices: A study of the mechanisms of spatial effects on face-to-face interaction. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design33(6), 825–844.
40.
RiesA., & TroutJ. (2001). Positioning: The battle for your mind.New York: McGraw-Hill.
41.
RostenbergB. (2007, June). Anshen + Allen: Integrating evidence-based design in architectural practice: Issues and challenges. In JosephA.(Chair), Integrating evidence-based design in architectural practice: Issues and challenges. Symposium conducted at the 38th Annual Environmental Design Research Association, Sacramento, CA.
42.
StankosM., & SchwarzB. (2007, January). Evidence-based design in healthcare: A theoretical dilemma. Interdisciplinary Design and Research e-Journal, 1. Retrieved January 20, 2007, from http://www.idrp.wsu.edu/Issue%201%20Papers/stankos.pdf
43.
StichlerJ. F. (2006). Research methods for evidence-based design. In Track 1-Evidence-based design research methodologies. Integrating evidence-based design in architectural practice: Issues and challenges. Symposium conducted at Healthcare Design 06, Chicago, IL.
44.
TashakkoriA., & TeddlieC. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
45.
UnderhillP. (1999). Why we buy: The science of shopping.New York: Touchstone.
46.
WatkinsN. J. (2007). Healthcare design: The need for consumer-driven research. Asian Hospital & Healthcare Management, 1, 50–53.
47.
WatkinsN. J., & AnthonyK. H. (2007, November). The design of psychologists' offices: A qualitative investigation of environment-function fit. AIA Academy Journal.
48.
WenzelR. P., & EdmondM. B. (2001) The impact of hospital-acquired blood-stream infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7, 174–177.
49.
World Health Organization. (2000). The world health report 2000-health systems: Improving performance.Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
50.
World Health Organization. (2006). The world health report 2006: Working together for health.Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
51.
ZeiselJ. (2006). Inquiry by design (Rev. ed). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
52.
ZimringC. (2002). Postoccupancy evaluation: Issues and implementation. In BechtelR. & ChurchmanA. (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 306–319). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
53.
ZinkinJ. (2007). Corporate social responsibility in private hospitals. Asian Hospital & Healthcare Management, 12.
