Multimodal Bioelectronics in Neuromodulation: Liquid Metals,Magnetoelectric,and High-Entropy Oxides

Abstract

Multimodal bioelectronic materials have emerged as a promising platform for synergistic neuromodulation, addressing the increasing clinical demand for precise and safe neural interventions. This review highlights recent advances in three pivotal classes of functional materials—liquid metals, magnetoelectric coupling materials, and high-entropy oxides—that offer unique physicochemical properties and versatile fabrication techniques tailored for neural interfaces. We first discuss the clinical significance and advantages of multimodal materials in neuromodulation, followed by an in-depth analysis of the structural characteristics, synthesis methods, and neurointerface applications of these materials. Integrating the latest theoretical models and experimental findings, we elucidate how these materials enable the synergistic application of electrical, magnetic, and mechanical stimuli to enhance neuromodulation efficacy. Despite their promising potential, challenges remain in optimizing biocompatibility, long-term stability, and functional integration. Finally, we provide a forward-looking perspective on the future directions and hurdles for the deployment of multimodal bioelectronic materials in neural disease therapies and intelligent neural interfaces. This review aims to foster a deeper understanding and inspire further innovation in the interdisciplinary field of neuromodulation.

Impact Statement

This review establishes a transformative framework for next-generation neural interfaces by strategically integrating liquid metals, magnetoelectric materials, and high-entropy oxides. It demonstrates how advanced interface engineering and micro/nanofabrication techniques enable synergistic multimodal neuromodulation—simultaneously leveraging electrical, magnetic, and chemical stimuli with high spatiotemporal precision. These materials and device innovations directly address critical challenges in treating neurodegenerative diseases, chronic pain, and neural rehabilitation, while laying the foundation for intelligent, closed-loop bioelectronic systems. By bridging materials science, neuroscience, and engineering, this work accelerates the development of personalized, adaptive neural therapies with profound implications for global neurological health.