Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Lyophilized Platelet-Rich Fibrin: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Multiple studies have been conducted recently to fabricate lyophilized platelet-rich fibrin (LyPRF) as a biological agent. These analyses have also encompassed the integration of LyPRF into various biomaterials for the objective of bone tissue engineering (BTE). However, a definitive manufacturing procedure has not yet been established, and precise data regarding the characterization of LyPRF are still lacking. This systematic literature review aimed to compile existing evidence on the physicochemical and biological properties of this biomaterial as a scaffold for BTE. A comprehensive literature search was performed in SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science to identify eligible articles published related to the various in vitro analyses conducted on the biomaterial for its characterization. The inclusion criteria allowed us to concentrate on papers published in English between 2019 and 2025. The study excluded review papers, meta-analyses, editorials, conference pieces, theses, methodological articles, and research that conducted clinical trials or exclusively in vivo analyses. This classification also includes literature with no open access. The preliminary database search produced 3,047 publications, of which only 15 were selected following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. LyPRF is beneficial to lengthen the shelf life of the product and can be incorporated into other biomaterials to improve compatibility and reduce degradation time. Therefore, based on the compiled analysis of the included studies, it is found that the surface morphology of LyPRF is irregular, porous, densely populated with fibrin network, and exhibits a uniform aggregation of cells. Furthermore, it is shown that LyPRF demonstrates elements that are analogous to craniofacial bone properties, thereby enhancing its utility in BTE. Additionally, the lyophilization process preserves growth factors present in LyPRF, leading to its consistent and gradual release, increasing the cell proliferation potential of this biomaterial. Existing evidence indicates that LyPRF is a promising candidate for BTE. Future research should prioritize comparative evaluations of fabrication protocols and rigorous biocompatibility testing to establish its suitability as a biomaterial for bioscaffold production in BTE.

Impact Statement

This systematic review highlights current evidence on the physicochemical and biological properties of lyophilized platelet-rich fibrin (LyPRF), emphasizing its potential as a bioactive scaffold for bone tissue engineering. This study addresses a critical gap in the LyPRF fabrication protocol by demonstrating structural similarity to craniofacial bone, sustained growth factor release, and compatibility with other biomaterials, thereby underscoring its potential for clinical translation in regenerative medicine.