Vascularized Homeostasis: The Key to Orofacial Tissue-Engineered Organoid Construction

Abstract

Tissue-engineered organoids hold great promise for regenerative medicine, but insufficient vascularization remains a major barrier to their functionalization and clinical translation. Effective vascular networks are essential for organoid scalability, long-term survival, and functionality. Recent research has focused on strategies such as microfluidics, 3D bioprinting, self-assembly, and smart biomaterials to reconstruct functional vasculature. However, challenges persist, including poor structural stability, functional decline, and limited clinical applicability. The concept of “vascularized homeostasis”—a dynamic balance of vascular formation and remodeling—is seen as key to sustaining long-term organoid function. This review summarizes current advances and limitations in organoid vascularization and highlights the role of homeostatic regulation in enhancing repair potential and clinical translation.

Impact Statement

Tissue engineering technologies that promote vascularization have a revolutionary impact on regenerative medicine and biomedical research. By constructing tissues with functional vascular networks in the laboratory, these technologies not only significantly enhance the survival and functionality of transplanted tissues but also accelerate wound healing and tissue regeneration processes, thereby greatly improving the prognosis of patient-specific organoids.