This article presents findings from the five-year evaluation of a youth wraparound mental health program called Community Kids. The structure of the program, sociological theories underlying the philosophy of wraparound, and the context of the mental health system prior to program implementation are discussed. Included are utilization trends from inception through program termination. The impact analysis is presented in terms of five outcome domains for three participant cohorts, defined by tenure in the program. This longitudinal quasi-experimental research provides additional evidence of the efficacy of systems of care and the wraparound model in terms of improving clinical outcomes for youth.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. 2004. The HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), 2002. Rockville, MD.
2.
AgnewRobert. 1985. “A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency.”Social Forces64, 1: 151–67.
3.
AltshulerSandraPoertnerJohn. 2002. “The Child Health and Illness Profile—Adolescent Edition: Assessing Well-Being in Group Homes and Institutions.”Child Welfare81, 3: 495–513.
4.
BanduraAlbert. 1971. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NY: Prentice Hall.
5.
BerrickJ.BarthR.NeedellB.Jonson-RiedM.. 1997. “Group Care and Young Children.”Social Service Review: 257–73.
6.
BiddleBruce J.1986. “Recent Developments in Role Theory.”Annual Review of Sociology12: 67–92.
7.
BowlbyJohn. 1951. Maternal Care and Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, Monograph No. 2.
8.
BrunsEric J.WalkerJanet S.AdamsJaneMilesPatOsherTrina W.RastJimVanDenBergJohn D.National Wraparound Initiative Advisory Group. 2004. Ten Principles of the Wraparound Process. Portland, OR: National Wraparound Initiative, Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children's Mental Health, Portland State University.
9.
BrunsEric J.BurchardJohn D.SuterJesseLeverentz-BradyKristen. 2003. A National Portrait of Wraparound: Results from the Wraparound Fidelity Index. Paper presented at the 16th Annual System of Care Conference: Building the Research Base, Tampa, FL.
10.
BullardL.FulmoreD.JohnsonK.. 2003. Reducing the Use of Restraint and Seclusion: Promising Practices and Successful Strategies. Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
11.
BurnsBarbara J.GoldmanSybil K., eds. 1998. Promising Practices in Wraparound for Children with Serious Emotional Disturbance and Their Families. Systems of Care: Promising Practices in Children's Mental Health 1998 Series. Volume IV. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center, National Technical Assistance Center for Children's Mental Health, and American Institutes for Research.
12.
BushMalcolm. 1980. “Institutions for Dependent and Neglected Children: Therapeutic Option of Choice or Last Resort.”American Journal of Orthopsychiatry50, 2: 239–55.
13.
ColtonMatthew. 1992. “Carers of Children: A Comparative Study of the Practices of Residential and Foster Carers.”Children & Society6, 1: 25–37.
14.
DuchnowskiA.J.KutashK.FriedmanR.M.2002. “Community-Based Interventions in a System of Care and Outcomes Framework.” Pp. 329–62 in Outcomes for Children and Youth with Behavioral and Emotional Disorders and Their Families, edited by BurnsB.J.DuchnowskiK.. 2004. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
15.
FriedmanR.M.2002. Children's Mental Health: A Status Report and Call to Action. Paper presented to the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, July, Washington, D.C.
16.
FriedmanR.M.Katz-LeaveyManderscheidR.W.Sondheimer. 1996. “Prevalence of Serious Emotional Disturbance in Children and Adolescence.” Pp. 71–78 in Mental Health in the United States, edited by ManderscheidR.W.SonensheineM.A.. 1996. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services.
17.
HoagwoodKimberlyBurnsBarbara, eds. 2002. Community Treatment for Youth: Evidence-Based Interventions for Severe Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. Pp.16–37. New York: Oxford University Press.
18.
HoagwoodKimberlyCunninghamMary. 2005. “Outcomes of Children with Emotional Disturbance in Residential Treatment for Educational Purposes.”The Journal of Child and Family Studies2: 129–40.
19.
GoldfarbW.1945. “Psychological Privation in Infancy and Subsequent Adjustments.”American Journal of Orthopsychiatry15: 247–55.
20.
GroszDawnSchutteKathrynWalkerJanet S.. 2001. Strategies for Increasing the Effectiveness of ISP (Wraparound) Teams. Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children's Mental Health Regional Research Institute for Human Services, Portland State University.
21.
HobermanHarry M.1992. “Ethnic Minority Status and Adolescent Mental Health Services Utilization.”The Journal of Mental Health Administration19:3.
22.
HodgesK.Doucette-GatesA.LiaoQ.. 1999. “The Relationship between the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) and Indicators of Functioning.”Journal of Child and Family Studies8: 109–22.
23.
HodgesJ.TizardB.. 1989. “IQ and Behavioral Adjustment of Ex-Institutional Adolescents.”Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry30, 1: 53–75.
24.
KnitzerJ.1982. Unclaimed Children: The Failure of Public Responsibility to Children and Adolescents in Need of Mental Health Services. Washington, DC: The Children's Defense Fund.
25.
MaskerA.S.SteeleJ. Winter. 2004. “Reducing Physical Management and Time-Outs: A Five-Year Update on One Agency's Experience.”Residential Group Care Quarterly4, 3: 6–7.
26.
MertonRobert K.1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.”American Sociological Review3, Oct.: 672–82.
27.
MorenoJ.L.1946. “Role Theory and Role Practice.”Psychodrama, Vol. 1. Beacon, NY: Beacon House.
28.
MungerR.L.1998. The Ecology of Troubled Children. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.
29.
MyersJ. February 2004. “Restraints Put on Hold.”Youth Today: The Newspaper on Youth Work13, 2: 1, 26–27.
30.
National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. 2004. Criminal Neglect: Substance Abuse, Juvenile Justice and the Children Left Behind. New York: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University.
31.
Project DESTINY: The Sixth Year, Derivatives and Implications for Residential Treatment and Traditional Agencies. Presented at the 2004 AACRC ConferenceC3: Friday, October 15, 2004.
32.
ProvenceS.LiptonR.. 1962. Infants in Institution: A Comparison of Their Development with Family-Reared Infants during the First Year of Life. New York: International Universities Press.
RosenblattA.1998. “Assessing the Child and Family Outcomes of Systems of Care for Youth with Serious Emotional Disturbance.” in The First Year of Life: A Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development in Object Relations,” edited by EpsteinM.H.KutashK.SpitzA.J.. 1965. New York: International Universities Press.
35.
ScheinE.H.1997. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
36.
StroulBethFriedmanRobert. 1986. A System of Care for Severely Emotionally Disturbed Children and Youth. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center.
37.
SutherlandEdwin H.1942. “Development of the Theory” Pp. 13–29 in On Analyzing Crime, edited by SchuesslerKarlSutherlandEdwin H.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38.
TizardB.HodgesJ.. 1978. “The Effect of Early Institutional Rearing on the Development of Eight Year Old Children.”Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry19: 99–118.
39.
United States General Accounting Office. 1994. Residential Care: Some High-Risk Youth Benefit, but More Study Needed.
40.
VygotskyL.S.1962. Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
41.
YoeJ.T.SantarcangeloS.AtkinsM.BurchardJ.D.. 1996. “Wraparound Care in Vermont: Program Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Statewide System of Individualized Services.”Journal of Child and Family Studies5: 23–39.
42.
YounglesonM.1973. “The Need to Affiliate and Self-Esteem in Institutionalized Children.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology26, 2: 280–86.
43.
ZegerS.L.LiangK.Y.. 1986. “Longitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes.”Biometrics42: 121–30.
44.
ZoccolilloM.PicklesA.QuintonD.RutterM.. 1992. “The Outcome of Childhood Conduct Disorder: Implication for Defining Adult Personality Disorder and Conduct Disorder.”Psychological Medicine22: 971–86.
