The essential oil was obtained from Croton linearis Jacq. leaves. Its chemical composition was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A total of 82 compounds were identified, being the principal components: guaiol (7.93%); eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1β-ol (4.94%) and guaia-3,10(14)-dien-11-ol (4.52%). Antimicrobial activity was determined against six Candida spp., three bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomona aeruginosa) and two parasites (Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi). The selectivity index (SI) was computed through the determination of it cytotoxicity on peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice and murine fibroblasts L929 cells. Colorimetric microdilution methods as well as direct counting in optical microscopes were performed. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against L. amazonensis (IC50Promastigote: 20.0 ± 4.9 μg/mL; IC50Amastigote: 13.8 ± 4.3 μg/mL), moderate activity against T. cruzi (IC50Trypomastigote: 197.26 ± 8.7 μg/mL) and weak activity against P. aureginosa. Cytotoxicity values were CC50= 89.1 ± 3.4 μg/mL for macrophages BALB/c and CC50= 306 ± 110 μg/mL for L929 cells, rendering a SI of 6 for amastigote form of L. amazonensis. Croton linearis Jacq. leaf essential oil, therefore, could be a potential candidate for future investigations regarding Leishmaniasis treatment.
GrundmannH., de KrakerM., DaveyP. (2011) Clinical impact of antimicrobial resistance: design matters. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 11: 344.
2.
LaxminarayanR., DuseA., WattalC., ZaidiA.K., WertheimH.F., SumpraditN., VliegheE., Levy-HaraG., GouldI.M., GoossensH., GrekoCh, SoA.D., BigdeliM., TomsonG., WoodhouseW., OmbakaE., PeraltaA.Q., QamarF.N., MirF., KariukiS., BhuttaZ.A., CoatesA., BergstromR., WrightG.D., BrownE.D., CarsO. (2013) Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13 (12), 1057–1098.
3.
O'NeillJ. (2016) Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations.London: H M Government/Wellcome Trust.
4.
NaveedR., HussainI., TawabA., TariqM., RahmanM., HameedS., MahmoodM.S., SiddiqueA.B., IqbalM. (2013) Antimicrobial activity of the bioactive components of essential oils from Pakistani spices against Salmonella and other multi-drug resistant bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, 1–10.
5.
KamazeriT.S., SamahO.B., TaherM., SusantiD., QarallehH. (2012) Antimicrobial activity and essential oils of Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma mangga, and Zingiber cassumunar from Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal Tropical Medicine, 5, 202–209.
6.
DormanH.J.D., DeansS.G. (2000) Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 308–316.
7.
FreiresI.A., DennyC., BensoB., de AlencarS.M., RosalenP.L. (2015) Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: A systematic review. Molecules, 20, 7329–7358.
8.
TabassumN., VidyasagarG.M. (2013) Antifungal investigations on plant essential oils. A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5, 19–28.
BerryP.E., HippA.L., WurdackK.J., Van EeB., RiinaR. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of the giant genus Croton and tribe Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using its and TRNL-TRNF DNA sequence data. American Journal of Botany, 92, 1520–1534.
11.
NevesI.A., da CamaraC.A. (2011) Acaricidal activity against Tetranychus urticae and essential oil composition of four Croton species from Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil. Natural Products Communication, 6, 893–899.
12.
AthikomkulchaiS., TadtongS., RuangrungsiN., HongratanaworakitT. (2015) Chemical composition of the essential oil from Croton oblongifolius and its antibacterial activity against Propioni bacterium acnes. Natural Products Communication, 10, 1459–1560.
13.
de SiqueiraR.J., DuarteG.P., MagalhãesP.J., LahlouS. (2013) Cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of Croton zehntneri leaves in DOCA-salt hypertensive, conscious rats. Natural Products Communication, 8, 1167–1170.
14.
de França-NetoA., Cardoso-TeixeiraA.C., MedeirosT.C., Quinto-FariasM.S., SampaioC.M., Coelho-De-SouzaA.N., LahlouS., Leal-CardosoJ.H. (2012) Essential oil of Croton argyrophylloides: toxicological aspects and vasorelaxant activity in rats. Natural Product Communication, 7, 1397–400.
15.
SalatinoA., SalatinoM.L.F., NegriG. (2007) Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Croton species (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18, 11–33.
16.
SalatinoA., SalatinoM.L.F., NegriG. (2007) Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Croton species (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18, 11–33.
17.
MarcelinoV., FechineJ., GuedesJ.R., Toscanov, FilgueirasP., LeitaoE.V., Barbosa-FilhoJ.M., SobralM. (2012) Phytochemistry of the Genus Croton. Natural Products Research Reviews, 1, 221–370.
18.
RadulovicN., MananjarasoaE., HarinantenainaL., YoshinoriA. (2006) Essential oil composition of four Croton species from Madagascar and their chemotaxonomy. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 34, 648–53.
19.
FernandesG., VieiraA.C., JuniorF.G., MedeirosR.S., MadrugaM.S., NetoV.Q. (2013) The sensitivity of bacterial foodborne pathogens to Croton blanchetianus Baill essential oil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 1189–94.
20.
RoigJ.T. (2012) Plantas Medicinales, Aromáticas o Venenosas de Cuba. Segunda Edición. Editorial. Científico-Técnica, La Habana, 829–830.
21.
Holt-McCormackJ., MaierK., WallensP.B. (2011) Bush Medicine of the Bahamas: A Cross-cultural Perspective from San Salvador Island, including Pharmacology and Oral Histories Hardcover.J H M Designs Publications. 1st Edition. 50–52
22.
MitchellS.A., AhmadM.H. (2006) A Review of Medicinal Plant Research at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1948–2001. West Indian Medical Journal, 55, 243–69.
23.
SocorroD., EnriqueA., MariaG., NahumC., HelenaE., NellyJ., MaiaJ. (2009) Essential oil composition of Croton palanostigma Klotzsch from North Brazil. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 20, 1188–1192.
24.
NevesI.A., CamaraC.A.G. (2012) Volatile constituents of two Croton species from Caatinga Biome of Pernambuco – Brasil. Records of Natural Products, 6, 161–5.
25.
CostaJ., RodriguesF., AngélicoE., PereiraC., SouzaE., CaldasG., SilvaM.R., SantosN.K.A., MotaM.L., dos SantosP.F. (2008) Chemical composition and evaluation of the antibacterial activity and toxicity of the essential oil of Croton zehntneri (variety estragol). Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 18, 583–586.
26.
AlvianoW.S., Mendonça-FilhoR.R., AlvianoD.S., BizzoH.R., Souto-PadrónT., RodriguesM.L., BologneseA.M., AlvianoC.S., SouzaM.M.G. (2005) Antimicrobial activity of Croton cajucara Benth linalool-rich essential oil on artificial biofilms and planktonic microorganisms. Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 20, 101–5.
27.
WaikedreJ., VitturoC.I., MolinaA., TheodoroP.N., RodriguesM.R., EspindolaL.S., MaciukA., FournetA. (2012) Antifungal activity of the essential oils of Callitris neocaledonica and C. sulcata Heartwood (Cupressaceae). Chemistry and Biodiversity, 9, 644–653.
28.
TarikuY., HymeteA., HailuA., RohloffJ. (2010) Constituents, antileishmanial activity and toxicity profile of volatile oil from berries of Croton macrostachyus. Natural Product Communications, 5, 975–80.
29.
SantosA.O., Ueda-NakamuraT., FilhoB.P.D., JuniorV.F.V., PintoA.C., NakamuraC.V. (2008) Effect of Brazilian copaiba oils on Leishmania amazonensis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 120, 204–208.
30.
ArrudaD.C., D'AlexandriF.L., KatzinA.M., UlianaS.R.B. (2005) Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidol. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49, 1679–1687.
31.
PasquaR.D., BettsG., HoskinsN., EdwardsM., ErcoliniD., MaurielloG. (2007) Membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 4863–4870.
32.
TarikuY., HymeteA., HailuA., RohloffJ. (2010) Essential-oil composition, antileishmanial, and toxicity study of Artemisia abyssinica and Satureja punctata ssp. punctata from Ethiopia. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 7, 1009–1018.
33.
MachadoM., SantoroG., SousaM.C., SalgueiroL., CavaleiroC. (2010) Activity of essential oils on the growth of Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 25, 156–160.
34.
BosquiroliL.S.S., DemarqueD.P., RizkY.S., CunhaM.C., MarquesM.C.S., de FátimaM., KadriM.C.T., CarollbC.A., ArrudaC.C.P. (2015) In vitro anti-Leishmania infantum activity of essential oil from Piper angustifolium. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 25, 124–128.
35.
SiqueiraC.A.T. (2011) Chemical constituents of the volatile oil from leaves of Annona coriacea and in vitro antiprotozoal activity. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 21, 33–40.
36.
SenR., ChatterjeeM. (2011) Plant derived therapeutics for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Phytomedicine, 18, 1056–1069.
37.
SantoroG.F., CardosoM.G., GuimaresL.G.L., SalgadoApsp, Mena-BarretoR.F.S., SoaresM.J. (2007) Effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare L) and thyme (Thymus vulgare L.) essential oils on Trypanosoma cruzi. (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) growth and ultrastructure. Parasitology Research, 100, 783–790.
38.
BorgesA.R., de AlbuquerqueJ.R., HiginoT.M.M., de MedeirosMdgf, CitóA.M., LopesJ.A.D., de FigueiredoRcbq. (2012) Trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from medicinal plants of Northeast of Brazil. Experimental Parasitology, 132, 123–128.
39.
MartinsM.M., de AquinoF.J., de OliveiraA., do NascimentoE.A., ChangR., BorgesM.S., de MeloG.B., da SilvaC.V., MachadoF.C., de MoraisS.A.L. (2015) Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activity of essential oils from Vernonia brasiliana (Less) Druce (Asteraceae). Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 18, 561–569.
40.
CosP., VlietinckA.J., VandenD., MaesaL. (2006) Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro 'proof-of-concept'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 106, 290–302.
41.
SladowskiD., SteerS.J., ClothierR.H., BallsM. (1993) An improve MTT assay. Journal of Immunological Methods, 157, 203–7.
42.
RomanhaA.J., CastroS.L., de SoeiroM.N., Lannes-VieiraJ., RibeiroI., TalvaniA., BourdinB., BlumB., OlivieriB., ZaniC., SpadaforaC., ChiariE., ChatelainE., ChavesG., CalzadaJ.E., BustamanteJ.M., Freitas-JuniorL.H., RomeroL.I., BahiaM.T., LotrowskaM., SoaresM., AndradeS.G., ArmstrongT., DegraveW., and AndradeZ.A.. (2010) In vitro and in vivo experimental models for drug screening and development for Chagas disease. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 105, 233–8.
