In this study, microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis (MAAH) to obtain vitexin (VIT) from Crataegus pinnatifida leaves was optimized. The single factor experiment was applied to optimize the operating parameters of MAAH. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extract. The results showed that the optimum parameters of dealing with 1 g sample were 2.0 M hydrochloric acid concentration, 40 min microwave irradiation time, 1:10 solid–liquid ratio, 50% ethanol concentration, 70°C microwave extraction temperature and 600 W microwave power. The yields of VIT were 2.62 mg/g under the optimum conditions. The C. pinnatifida extracted by MAAH exhibited more antioxidant activity than extracted by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The number of vessels in chick chorioallantoic membrane indicated that C. pinnatifida leaves could promote angiogenesis. These findings suggested that MAAH provides an efficient technique to produce VIT.
KoheiK, YukaI, HarukaA, TatsuoN, MotoyoshiS, KatsuhiroK. (2016) Crataegusins A and B, new flavanocoumarins from the dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major (Rosaceae). Natural Product Communications, 11, 965–969.
6.
WuJ, PengW, QinR, ZhouH. (2014) Crataegus pinnatifida: chemical constituents, pharmacology, and potential applications. Molecules, 19, 1685–1712;
7.
HouKX, ChenFL, ZuYZ, YangL. (2015) Ionic liquids–lithium salts pretreatment followed by ultrasound-assisted extraction of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside and vitexin from Phyllostachys edulis leaves. Journal of Chromatography A, 12, 357169–357179;
8.
BianJ, PengP, PengF, XiaoX, XuF, SunRC. (2014) Microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis to produce xylooligosaccharides from sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses. Food Chemistry, 156, 7–13.
9.
LiuZZ, ChenZY, HanF, KangXY, GuHY, YangL. (2016) Microwave-assisted method for simultaneous hydrolysis and extraction in obtaining ellagic acid, gallic acid and essential oil from Eucalyptus globulus leaves using Brönsted acidic ionic liquid [HO3S(CH2)4 mim]HSO4. Industrial Crops and Products, 81, 152–161;
10.
KleinM, PulidindiIN, PerkasN, Meltzer-MatsE, GruzmanA, GedankenA. (2012) Direct production of glucose from glycogen under microwave irradiation. RSC Advances, 2, 7262–7267.
11.
ThygesenLG, ThybringEE, JohansenKS, FelbyC. (2014) The mechanisms of plant cell wall deconstruction during enzymatic hydrolysis. PLoS One, 9, e108313.
12.
HuangDJ, OuBX, PriorRL. (2005) The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 1841–1856;
13.
BianJ, PengF, PengSP, PengP, XuF, SunRS. (2013) Structural features and antioxidant activity of xylooligosaccharides enzymatically produced from sugarcane bagasse. Bioresource Technology, 127, 236–241;
14.
BenzieIFF, StrainJJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70–76.
15.
BelleJ, YsasiA, BennettRD, FilipovicN, NejadMI, TrumperDL, AckermannM, WagnerW, TsudaA, KonerdingMA, MentzerSJ. (2014) Stretch-induced intussuceptive and sprouting angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Microvascular Research, 95, 90–97;
16.
LuoM, HuJY, SongZY, JiaoJ, MuFS, RuanX, GaiQY, QiaoQ, ZuYG, FuYJ. (2015) Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from Crataegus pinnatifida leaves and evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts. RSC Advances, 5, 67532–67540;
17.
Hamrouni-SellamiI, RahaliFZ, RebeyIB, BourgouS, LimamF, MarzoukB. (2013) Total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants as affected by different drying methods. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6, 806–817.
18.
JayaprakashaGK, GirennavarB, PatilBS. (2008) Radical scavenging activities of rio red grapefruits and sour orange fruit extracts in different in vitro model systems Bioresource Technology, 99, 4484–4494;
19.
KrishnaswamyK, OrsatV, GariépyY, KulandasamyT. (2013) Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6, 441–455;
20.
KaurP, ChaudharyA, SinghB, Gopichand. (2012) An efficient microwave assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of Ginkgo biloba. Natural Product Communications, 7, 203–206.
21.
ChinWWL, LauWKO, BhuvaneswariR, HengPWS, OlivoM. (2007) Chlorin e6-polyvinylpyrrolidone as a fluorescent marker for fluorescence diagnosis of human bladder cancer implanted on the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Cancer Letters, 245, 127–133;
22.
GatneDP, MungekarS, AddepalliV, MohanrajK, GhoneSA, RegeNN. (2016) Development of collateral vessels: a new paradigm in CAM angiogenesis model. Microvascular Research, 103, 11–13.
