Hydrodistillation of Vismia macrophylla Kunth (Hypericaceae) leaves (L) and fruits (F) yielded 1.3%, v/w, and 5.6%, v/w, of essential oil, respectively. GC and GC-MS analyses showed the presence of twenty-four (96.4%, L) and thirty-one (96.6%, F) components, respectively. Major compounds identified in the leaf oil were γ-bisabolene (44.4%) and β-bisabolol (14.9%), while those in the fruit oil were germacrene-D (12.1%), δ-cadinene (10.7%) and γ-bisabolene (22.3 %). Oil obtained from the fruits of V. macrophylla showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212) as well as Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli ATCC 25922), with MIC values ranging from 150 μL/mL to 740 μLmL. Oil obtained from leaves were active only on the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus (100 μLmL) and E. faecalis (500 μLmL), but also showed antiyeast activity against Candida albicans CDC-B385 and C krusei ATCC 6258 (600 μL/mL, each).
EwanJ. (1962) The South American Species of Vismia (Guttiferae). United States National Museum, contribution from the National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 5, 35- 293.
2.
WurdackKJ, DavisCC. (2009) Malpighiales phylogenetics: gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life. American Journal of Botany, 96, 1551–1570
3.
RuhfelBR, BittrichV, BoveCP, GustafssonMHG, PhilbrickCT, RutishauserR, XiZh, DavisCC. (2011) Phylogeny of the Clusioid clade (Malpighiales): evidence from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. American Journal of Botany, 98, 306–325
4.
RuhfelBR, StevensPF, DavisCC. (2013) Combined morphological and molecular phylogeny of the Clusioid clade (Malpighiales) and the placement of the ancient Rosid macrofossil paleoclusia. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 174, 910–936.
5.
NoungoueD, AntheaumeC, ChaabiM, Lenta NdjakouB, NgouelaS, LobsteinA, TsamoE. (2008) Anthraquinones from the fruits of Vismia laurentii. Phytochemistry, 69, 1024–1028
6.
WaboH, KouamS, KrohnK, HussainH, TalaM, TaneP, ReeT, HuQ, SchulzB. (2007) Prenylated anthraquinones and other constituents from the seeds of Vismia laurentii. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 55, 1640–1642.
7.
NoungoueD, ChaabiM, NgouelaS, AntheaumeC, BoyomF, GutJ, RosenthalP, LobsteinA, TsamoE. (2009) Antimalarial compounds from the stem bark of Vismia laurentii. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 64, 210–214
8.
TamokouJ, TalaM, WaboH, KuiateJ, TaneP. (2009) Antimicrobial activities of methanol extract and compounds from stem bark of Vismia rubescens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 124, 571–575.
9.
BuitragoA, RojasL, RojasJ, BuitragoD, UsubillagaA, MoralesA. (2009) Comparative study of the chemical composition of the essential oil from fresh leaves of Vismia baccifera var. dealbata (Guttiferae) collected in two different locations in Mérida-Venezuela. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 12, 651–655.
10.
RojasJ, BuitragoA, RojasL, MoralesA, LucenaM, BaldovinoS. (2011) Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Vismia baccifera fruits collected from Mérida, Venezuela. Natural Product Communications, 6, 699–700.
JulianiHR, KarochAR, JulianiHR, TrippiVS, ZygadloJA. (2002) Intraspecific variation in the leaf oils of Lippia junelliana (Mold.) Tronc. Ecology, 30, 163–170.
13.
HussainAI, AnwarF, SheraziSTH, PrzybylskiR. (2008) Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chemistry, 108, 986–995
14.
CeliktasOYE, KocabasEH, BedirE, SukanFV, OzekT, BaserKHC. (2007) Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, depending on location and seasonal variations. Food Chemistry, 100, 553–559
15.
Van VuurenSF, ViljoenAM, OzekT, DemiriciB, BaserKHC. (2007) Seasonal and geographical variation of Heteropyxis natalensis essential oil and the effect thereof on the antimicrobial activity. South African Journal of Botany, 73, 441–448
16.
RojasJ, MoralesA, PasqualeS, MárquezA, RondónM, MáthéI, VeresK. (2006) Comparative study of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Lippia oreganoides L. collected in two different seasons. Natural Product Communications, 1, 205–207.
17.
Pérez-LópezA, TorresA, Rivas-GalindoVM, ArandaRS, Waksman de TorresN. (2011) Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae of the essential oil and δ-cadinene isolated from Schinus molle fruit. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23, 25–28
18.
MontanariRM, BarbosaLCA, DemunerAJ, SilvaCJ, CarvalhoLS, AndradeNJ. (2011) Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Verbenaceae species: alternative sources of (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene-D. Química Nova, 34, 1550–1555.
19.
BellettiN, NdagihimanaM, SistoC, GuerzoniM, LanciottiR, GardiniF. (2004) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of citrus essences on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 6932–6938.
20.
BuitragoD, RojasL, RojasJ, MoralesA. (2010) Volatile compounds from Tagetes pusilla (Asteraceae) collected from the Venezuela Andes. Natural Product Communications, 5, 1283–1284.
21.
AdamsR. (2007) Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. 4th Ed. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream IL, USA
22.
DaviesN. (1990) Gas chromatographic retention indices of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicone and carbowax 20 M. phases. Journal of Chromatography A, 503, 1–24.
23.
VelascoJ, RojasJ, SalazarP, RodríguezM, DíazT, MoralesA, RondónM. (2007) Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Lippia oreganoides against multiresistant bacterial strains of nosocomial origin. Natural Product Communications, 2, 85–88.
24.
NCCLS (2004) Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing. Fourteenth informational supplement. NCCLS document M100-S14, Wayne, USA.
25.
LozinaL, BoehringerS, AcostaO. (2005) Extrapolación en una forma posológica de valores obtenidos in vitro sobre actividad antifúngica del propóleo. Poster session presented at the meeting held at the Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resumen V-018, Ciudad de Corrientes, Argentina.
