Anti-obesity Effect of (8- E )-Nüzhenide,a Secoiridoid from Ligustrum lucidum,in High-fat Diet-induced Obese Mice

Abstract

The effect of the extract of Ligustrum lucidum fruits (LFE) and its major secoiridoid (LFS), (8-E)-nüzhenide, on obesity was investigated using high fat-diet (HFD)-induced C58BL/6J obese mice. LFE and LFS were administered at the doses of 300 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively, for 6 weeks. The anti-obesity activity was evaluated by measuring body weight, epididymal fat and metabolic plasma parameters. On Day 42, the body weight of the LFS-treated group was significantly lower compared with the HFD-treated group. Body weight gain was also reduced by 23.2% and 32.0% in the LFE- and LFS-treated groups, respectively, compared with the HFD group. In addition, the weight of the epididymal fat in the mice was significantly decreased in the HFD+LFS group. The food efficiency ratios (FERs) of the HFD+LFE and HFD+LFS groups were also lower compared with the HFD group with the same food intake. Metabolic parameters that had increased in the HFD group were decreased in the HFD+LFE and HFD+LFS groups. In particular, the increased triglyceride values were significantly reduced in the HFD+LFS group. These results show that treatment with LFE and LFS decreased HFD-induced obesity, mainly by improving metabolic parameters, such as fats and triglycerides. Therefore, LFE and LFS have potential benefits in regulation of obesity.

Keywords

Ligustrum lucidum Secoiridoid High-fat diet-induced obesity Triglyceride

References

Kopelman

P.G.

(2000) Obesity as a medical problem. Nature, 404, 635–643; (b) Visscher TL, Seidell JC. (2001) The public health impact of obesity. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 355–375.

Yun

J.W.

(2010) Possible anti-obesity therapeutics from nature-a review. Phytochemistry, 71, 1625–1641; (b) Foddai M, Kasabri V, Petretto GL, Azara E, Sias A, Afifi FU, Delogu G, Chessa M, Pintore G. (2014) In vitro inhibitory effects of Limonium contortirameum and L. virgatum extract from Sardinia on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Natural Product Communications, 9, 181–184.

Rains

T.M.

, Agarwal

, Maki

K.C.

(2011) Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins: a mechanistic review. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22, 1–7; (b) Choi KM, Lee YS, Shin DM, Lee S, Yoo KS, Lee MK, Lee JH, Kim SY, Lee YM, Hong JT, Yun YP, Yoo HS. (2013) Green tomato extract attenuates high-fat-diet-induced obesity through activation of the AMPK pathway in C57BL/6 mice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 24, 335–342; (c) Chen YK, Cheung C, Reuhl KR, Liu AB, Lee MJ, Lu YP, Yang CS. (2011) Effects of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 59, 11862–11871; (d) Kim SB, Ahn B, Kim M, Ji HJ, Shin SK, Hong IP, Kim CY, Hwang BY, Lee MK. (2014) Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL/6J mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151, 478–484.

Bae

K.H.

(1999) The Medicinal Plants of Korea. Kyo-Hak Publishing Co., Seoul, 237–241; (b) Choi KM, Lee YS, Shin DM, Lee S, Yoo KS, Lee MK, Lee JH, Kim SY, Lee YM, Hong JT, Yun YP, Yoo HS. (2013) Green tomato extract attenuates high-fat-diet-induced obesity through activation of the AMPK pathway in C57BL/6 mice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 24, 335–342; (c) Chen YK, Cheung C, Reuhl KR, Liu AB, Lee MJ, Lu YP, Yang CS. (2011) Effects of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 59, 11862–11871,

Z.D.

, Dong

, Xu

H.X.

, Ye

W.C.

, Sun

H.D.

, But

P.P.

(2001) Secoiridoid constituents from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum. Phytochemistry, 56, 327–330; (b) Shi L, Ma Y, Cai Z. (1998) Quantitative determination of salidroside and specnuezhende in the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait by high performance liquid chromatography. Biomedical Chromatography, 12, 27–30; (c) Aoki S, Honda Y, Kikuchi T, Miura T, Sugawara R, Yaoita Y, Kikuchi M, Machida K. (2012) Six new secoiridoids from the dried fruits of Ligustrum lucidum. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 60, 251–256.

Lee

S.I.

, Oh

S.H.

, Park

K.Y.

, Park

B.H.

, Kim

J.S.

, Kim

S.D.

(2009) Antihyperglycemic effects of fruits of privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed a high fat diet. Journal of Medicinal Food, 12, 109–117.

Choi

K.M.

, Shin

, Liu

, Yoo

H.S.

, Kim

Y.C.

, Sung

S.H.

, Hwang

B.Y.

, Lee

M.K.

(2011) Hydroxyframoside B, a secoiridoid of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Planta Medica, 77, 1020–1023; (b) Zhang Y, Liu L, Gao J, Wu C, Han L, Liu E, Shi P, Gao X, Wang T. (2013) New secoiridoids from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait with triglyceride accumulation inhibitory effects. Fitoterapia, 91, 107–112; (c) Bai N, He K, Ibarra A, Bily A, Roller M, Chen X, Rühl R. (2010) Iridoids from Fraxinus excelsior with adipocyte differentiation-inhibitory and PPARα activation activity. Journal of Natural Products, 73, 2–6.

Sclafani

, Springer

(1976) Dietary obesity in adult rats: similarities to hypothalamic and human obesity syndromes. Physiological Behavior, 17, 461–471.

Dinda

, Debnath

, Harigaya

(2007) Naturally occurring secoiridoids and bioactivity of naturally occurring iridoids and secoiridoids - a review, part 2. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 55, 689–728.