The chemical composition of volatile compounds from pericarp oils of Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L., isolated by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The pericarps yielded 2.6 and 5.0% volatile oil by hydrodistillation and n-hexane extraction, and they were colorless and yellow in color, respectively. A total of 66 volatile components were detected. The most prominent compounds were palmitic and oleic acids, representing about 40-70% of the total oil. Many fragrant constituents and biologically active components, such as α- and β-santalol, cedrol, esters, aldehydes, phytosterols, and squalene were present in the pericarp oils. This is the first report of the volatile composition of the pericarps of any Santalum species.
HarbaughDT, BaldwinBG. (2007) Phylogeny and biogeography of the sandalwoods (Santalum, Santalaceae): repeated dispersals throughout the Pacific. American Journal of Botany, 94, 1028–1040.
2.
ScartezziniP, SperoniE. (2000) Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71, 23–43.
3.
SanjayaB, MuthanTSR, VittalRR. (2006) Factors influencing in vivo and in vitro micrografting of sandalwood (Santalum album L.): an endangered tree species. Journal of Forest Research, 11, 147–151.
4.
KimTH, ItoH, HayashiK, HasegawaT, MachiguchiT, YoshidaT. (2005) Aromatic constituents from the heartwood of Santalum album L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 53, 641–644.
5.
JonesCG, PlummerJA, BarbourEL. (2007) Non-destructive sampling of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) for oil content and composition. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 19, 157–164.
6.
BurdockGA, CarabinIG. (2008) Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 421–432.
7.
HopkinsCY, ChisholmMJ. (1969) Fatty acid components of some Santalaceae seed oils. Phytochemistry, 8, 161–165.
8.
LiuYD, LongmoreRB, FoxJED. (1996) Separation and identification of ximenynic acid isomers in the seed oil of Santalum spicatum R. Br as their 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 73, 1729–1731.
9.
ButaudJF, RaharivelomananaP, BianchiniJP, GaydouEM. (2008) Santalum insulare acetylenic fatty acid seed oils: Comparison within the Santalum genus. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 85, 353–356.
10.
ThomsonLAJ. (2006) Santalum austrocaledonicum and S. yasi (sandalwood). In Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. ElevitchCR (Ed). Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hawaii, 1–20.
11.
AhmedAK, JohnsonKA. (2000) Horticultural development of Australian native edible plants. Australian Journal of Botany, 48, 417–426.
12.
KonczakI, ZabarasD, DunstanM, AguasP. (2010) Antioxidant capacity and hydrophilic phytochemicals in commercially grown native Australian fruits. Food Chemistry, 123, 1048–1054.
13.
RivettDE, JonesGP, TuckerDJ, SedgleyM. (1984) The chemical composition of kernels of Santalum species. In Proceedings of a colloquium on the food potential of seeds from Australian native plants. JonesGP. (Ed.). Deakin University Victoria, Australia, 75–92.
14.
LiuYD, LongmoreRB, BoddyMR, FoxJED. (1997) Separation and identification of triximenynin from Santalum spicatum R. Br. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 74, 1269–1272.
15.
ValderC, NeugebauerM, MeierM, KohlenbergB, HammerschmidtFJ, BraunNA. (2003) Western Australian sandalwood oil-new constituents of Santalum spicatum (R. Br.) A. DC. (Santalaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15, 178–186.
16.
ShankaranarayanaKH, RavikumarG, RajeevalochanAN, AngadiVG. (2005) Fragrant oils from exhausted sandalwood powder and sandal sapwood. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 64, 965–966.
17.
BraunNA, ButaudJF, BianchiniJP, KohlenbergB, HammerschmidtFJ, MeierM, RaharivelomananaP. (2007) Eastern Polynesian sandalwood oil (Santalum insulare Bertero ex A. DC.) – a detailed investigation. Natural Product Communications, 2, 695–699.
18.
HowesMJ, SimmondsMS, KiteGC. (2004) Evaluation of the quality of sandalwood essential oils by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1028, 307–312.
19.
ChenZX, LinL. (2001) Influences of various extraction methods on content and chemical components of volatile oil from Lignum Santali. Journal of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 18, 174–177.
20.
OwenRW, GiacosaA, HullWE, HaubnerR, WürteleG, SpiegelhalderB, BartschH. (2000) Olive-oil consumption and health: the possible role of antioxidants. The Lancet Oncology, 1, 107–112.
SotiroudisTG, KyrtopoulosSA. (2008) Anticarcinogenic compounds of olive oil and related biomarkers. European Journal of Nutrition, 47, 69–72.
23.
WarletaF, CamposM, AlloucheY, Sánchez-QuesadaC, Ruiz-MoraJ, BeltránG, GaforioJJ. (2010) Squalene protects against oxidative DNA damage in MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells but not in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 1092–1100.
24.
PengWX, ZhangNN, ZhangDQ, XuDP, WuWB. (2008) Determination of chemical components of extractives from Santalum album L. leaves by means of Py-GC/MS. Journal of South China University of Technology, 36, 38–44.
25.
StollM, WinterM, GautschiF, FlamentI, WillhalmB. (1967) Research on aromas. XIII. Coffee aroma. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 50, 628–694.
26.
DemoleE, DemoleC, EnggistP. (1976) A chemical investigation of the volatile constituents of East Indian sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.). Helvetica Chimica Acta, 59, 737–747.
27.
DemirciF, GuvenK, DemirciB, DadandiMY, BaserKHC. (2008) Antibacterial activity of two Phlomis essential oils against food pathogens. Food Control, 19, 1159–1164.
28.
NIST/EPA/NIH Mass spectral library. (2005) National Institute of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg.
29.
McLaffertyFW, StaufferDB. (1989) The Wiley NBS registry of mass spectral data. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
