The structures, spectral characteristics, and bioactivities of 39 natural cassaine-type diterpenoid ester amines and amides (Erythrophleum alkaloids) and 31 synthetic analogues are reviewed. Cassaine-type diterpenoid ester amines and amides, the so called Erythrophleum alkaloids, have the skeleton of cassane-type diterpenoids with a N-containing side chain, and are classified into two groups, ester amines and amides. Cassaine-type diterpenoid ester amines and amides show remarkable inotropic action on the heart, inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase, cytotoxities, and other major bioactivities. Structural modification of cassaine-type diterpenoid ester amines and amides has been carried out to furnish many derivatives to study the structure-activity relationships.
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