The present work is a review of the literature of clerodane diterpenes from Croton species. It contains a compilation of 13C NMR data of 83 of these diterpenoids and their biological activities. This review covers a period from 1969 to October 2005 and 224 references are cited.
BerryPE, HippAL, WurdackKJ, Van EeB, RiinaR. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of the giant genus Croton and tribe Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using ITS and trnL-trnF DNA sequence data. American Journal of Botany, 92, 1520–1534.
2.
FarnsworthNR, BlomsterRN, MessmerWM, KingJC, PersinosGJ, WilkesJD. (1969) A phytochemical and biological review of the genus Croton. Lloydia, 32, 1–28.
3.
Oliver-BeverB. (1986) Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 189
4.
ElisabetskyE, FigueiredoW, OliveiraG. (1992) Traditional Amazonian nerve tonics as antidepressant agents: Chaunochiton Kappleri: a case study. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 1, 125–162
5.
Schmeda-HirschmannG, AriasAR. (1992) A screening method for natural products on triatomine bugs. Phytotherapy Research, 6, 68–73.
6.
Schmeda-HirschmannG, AriasAR. (1990) A survey of medicinal plants of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29, 159–172.
7.
BandoniAL, MendiondoME, RondinaRVD, CoussioJD. (1976) Survey of Argentine medicinal plants. Folklore and phytochemical screening. II. Economic Botany, 30, 161–185.
8.
IlhamM, YadayM, NorhanomAW. (1995) Tumor promoting activity of plants used in Malaysian traditional medicine. Natural Product Sciences, 1, 31–42.
9.
PiacenteS, BelisarioMA, CastilloH, PizzaC, FeoV. (1998) Croton ruizianus: platelet pro-aggregating activity of two new pregnane glycosides. Journal of Natural Products, 61, 318–322.
10.
GuptaMP, MongeA, KarikasGA, CerainAL, SolisPN, LeonE, TrujilloM, SuarezO, WilsonF, MontenegroG, NoriegaY, SantanaAI, CorreaM, SanchezC. (1996) Screening of Panamanian medicinal plants for brine shrimp toxicity, crown gall tumor inhibition, cytotoxicity and DNA intercalation. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 34, 19–27.
11.
DominguezXA, AlcornJB. (1985) Screening of medicinal plants used by huastec mayans of northeastern Mexico. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 13, 139–156.
12.
PietersL, BruyneT, MeiG, LemiereG, Van den BergheD, VlietinckAJ. (1992) In vitro and in vivo biological activity of South American dragon's blood and its constituents. Planta Medica, 58, 582–583.
13.
TchissambouL, ChiaroniA, RicheC, Khuong-HuuF. (1990) Crotocorylifuran and crotohaumanoxide, new diterpenes from Croton haumanianus J. Leonard. Tetrahedron, 46, 5199–5202.
14.
KuboI, AsakaY, ShibataK. (1991) Insect growth inhibitory nor-diterpenes, cis-dehydrocrotonin and trans-dehydrocrotonin, from Croton cajucara. Phytochemistry, 30, 2545–2546.
BighettiEJB, Hiruma-LimaCA, GraciosoJS, BritoARMS. (1999) Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in rodents of the essential oil of Croton cajucara Benth. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 51, 1447–1453.
17.
SimõesJC, SilvaAJR, SerruyaH, BentesMHS. (1979) Dehydrocrotonin, a norditerpenoid from Croton cajucara Benth. (Euphorbiaceae). Ciência & Cultura, 31, 1140–1141.
18.
MillikenW. (1997) Malaria and antimalarial plants in Roraima, Brazil. Tropical Doctor (Suppl. 1), 20–25.
19.
MazzantiG, BolleP, MartinoliL, PiccinelliD, GrgurinaI, AnimatiF, MugneY. (1987) Croton macrostachys, a plant used in traditional medicine purgative and inflammatory activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 19, 213–219.
20.
KumarY, HaridasanK, RaoRR. (1980) Ethnobotanical notes on certain medicinal plants among some Garo people around Balphakram sanctuary in Meghalaya. Bulletin Botanical Survey of India, 22, 161–165.
21.
NyazemaNZ. (1984) Poisoning due to traditional remedies. Central African Journal of Medicine, 30, 80–83.
22.
MortonJF. (1968) A survey of medicinal plants of Curacao. Economic Botany, 22, 87.
23.
HernandezJ, DelgadoG. (1992) Terpenoids from aerial parts of Croton draco. Fitoterapia, 63, 377–378.
24.
GrosvenorPW, SuprionoA, GrayDO. (1995) Medicinal plants from Riau province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Part 2: antibacterial and antifungal activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 45, 97–111.
25.
OtshudiAL, VercruysseA, ForiersA. (2000) Contribution to the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmcological studies of traditionally used medicinal plants in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea in Lomela area, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71, 411–423.
26.
HedbergI, HedbrergO, MadatiPJ, MshigeniKE, MshiuEN, SamuelssonG. (1983) Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Tanzania. II. Plants of the families Dilleniaceae-Opiliaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 9, 105–127.
27.
VeraR, SmadjaJ, ConanJY. (1990) Preliminary assay of some plants with alkaloids from Reunion Island. Planta Medica and Phytotherapy, 24, 50–65.
28.
CarvalhoJCT, SilvaMFC, MacielMAM, PintoADC, NunesDS, LimaRM, BastosJK, SartiSJ. (1996) Investigation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of trans-dehydrocrotonin, a 19-nor-clerodane diterpene from Croton cajucara. Part 1. Planta Medica, 62, 402–404.
29.
Hiruma-LimaCA, Spadari-BratfischRC, Grassi-KassisseDM, BritoARMS. (1999) Antiulcerogenic mechanisms of dehydrocrotonin, a diterpene lactone obtained from Croton cajucara. Planta Medica, 65, 325–330.
30.
BanerjiA, NandiCG, KunduAB. (1988) Investigation of Croton caudatus Geisel - isolation of 5α-stigmastan-3,6-dione. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 65, 459.
31.
CraveiroAA, RodriguesAS, AndradeCHS, MatosFJA, AlencarJW, MachadoMIL. (1981) Volatile constituents of Brazilian Euphorbiaceae genus Croton. Journal of Natural Products, 44, 602–608.
32.
CraveiroAA, AlencarJW, MatosFJA, MachadoMIL. (1990) The essential oil of Croton adenocalyx A. DC. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2, 145–146.
33.
HagedornML, BrownSM. (1991) The constituents of cascarilla oil (Croton eluteria Bennet). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 6, 193–204.
34.
LemosTLG, MonteFJQ, MatosFJA, AlencarJW, CraveiroAA, BarbosaRCSB, LimaEO. (1992) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Brazilian plants. Fitoterapia, 63, 266–268.
35.
MagalhãesPJC, CrideleDN, TavaresRA, MeloEM, MotaTL, Leal-CardosoJH. (1998) Intestinal myorelaxant and antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius and its constituents cineole, methyl-eugenol and terpineol. Phytotherapy Research, 12, 172–177.
36.
LahlouS, Leal-CardosoJH, MagalhãesPJC, SouzaANC, DuarteGP. (1999) Cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius in rats: role of the autonomic nervous system. Planta Medica, 65, 553–557.
37.
McChesneyJD, SilveiraER, CraveiroAA, ShooleryJN. (1984) The use of carbon-carbon connectivity in the structure determination of marmelerin, a novel benzofuran sesquiterpene from Croton sonderianus. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 49, 5154–5157.
38.
Hiruma-LimaCA, GraciosoJS, RodriguezJA, HaunM, NunesDS, Souza BritoARM. (2000) Gastroprotective effect of essential oil from Croton cajucara. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69, 229–234.
39.
Hiruma-LimaCA, GraciosoJS, BighettiEJ, Grassi-KassisseDM, NunesDS, Souza BritoARM. (2002) Effect of essential oil obtained from Croton cajucara Benth. on gastric ulcer healing and protective factors of the gastric mucosa. Phytomedicine, 9, 523–529.
40.
MagalhãesPJC, LahlouS, dos SantosMAV, PradinesTL, Leal-CardosoJH (2003) Myorelaxant effects of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius on the contractile activity of the guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Planta Medica, 69, 874–877.
41.
MagalhaesPJC, LahlouS, Leal-CardosoJH. (2004) Antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius on guinea-pig ileum: A myogenic activity. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 18, 539–546.
42.
OliveiraAC, Leal-CardosoJH, SantosCF, MoraisSM, Coelho-de-SouzaAN. (2001) Antinociceptive effects of the essential oil of Croton zehntneri in mice. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 34, 1471–1474.
43.
AbdonAP, Leal-CardosoJH, Coelho-de-SouzaAN, MoraisSM, SantosCF. (2002) Antinociceptive effects of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius on mice. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 35, 1215–1219.
44.
LazariniCA, UemaAH, BrandãoGMS, GuimarãesAPC, BernardiMM. (2000) Croton zehntneri essential oil: effects on behavioral models related to depression and anxiety. Phytomedicine, 7, 477–481.
45.
KutneyJP, KleinFK, KnowlesG, StuartKL. (1971) Alkaloids from Croton species X1-1. Peptidyl compounds from C. humilis L. Tetrahedron Letters, 3263–3266.
RibeiroP, PauloM, BritoAS. (1993) Isolation of active substances from Croton campestris St. Hil. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves. Revista Brasileira de Farmacia, 74, 36–41.
48.
AmaralACF, BarnesRA. (1998) A tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid from Croton hemiargyreus. Phytochemistry, 47, 1445–1447.
49.
PietersL, De BruyneT, ClaeysM, VlietinckA, CalommeM, Van Den BergheD. (1993) Isolation of a dihidrobenzofuran lignan form South American dragon's blood (Croton spp.) as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Journal of Natural Products, 56, 899–906.
BittnerM, SilvaM, AquevequeP, KuferJ, JakupovicJ, MurilloR. (1997) Alkaloids and other constituents from Croton chilensis. Boletin de la Sociedad Chilena de Quimica, 42, 223–228.
52.
CarlinL, VaisbergAJ, HammondGB. (1996) Isolation of sinoacutine from the leaves of Croton lechleri. Planta Medica, 62, 90–91.
53.
PietersL, BruyneT, PoelB, VingerhoetsR, TotteJ, BergheD, VlietincK. (1995) In vivo wound healing activity of dragon's blood (Croton spp.), a traditional South American drug, and its constituents. Phytomedicine, 2, 17–22.
MahmoodN, PizzaC, AquinoR, TommasiN, PiacenteS, ColmanS, BurkeA, HayAJ. (1993) Inhibition of HIV infection by flavanoids. Antiviral Research, 22, 189–199.
56.
ChenZP, CaiY, PhillipsonJD. (1994) Studies on the anti-tumour, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing properties of dragon's blood. Planta Medica, 60, 541–545.
PeresMTLP, Delle MonacheF, CruzAB, PizzolattiMG, YunesRA. (1997) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 56, 223–226.
59.
CapassoA, PiacenteS, TommasiN, RagucciM, PizzaC. (2000) Constituents of Croton menthodorus and their effects of electrically induced contractions of the guinea pig isolated ileum. Phytotherapy Research, 14, 156–159.
60.
MacielMAM, PintoAC, ArrudaAC, PamplonaSGSR, VandrelindeFA, LapaAJ, EchevarriaA, GrynbergNF, ColusIMS, FariasRAF, CostaAML, RaoVSN. (2000) Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a successful combination in the study of Croton cajucara. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70, 41–55.
61.
BarbosaPR, FascioM, MartinsD, GuedesMLS, RoqueNF. (2003) Triterpenes of Croton betulaster (Euphorbiaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31, 307–308.
62.
GraikouK, AligiannisN, SkaltsounisAL, ChinouI, MichelS, TillequinF, LitaudonM. (2004) New diterpenes from Croton insularis. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 685–688.
63.
GuadarramaABA, RiosMY. (2004) Three new sesquiterpenes from Croton arboreus. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 914–917.
64.
CatalánCAN, HeluaniCS, KotowiczC, GedrisTE, HerzW. (2003) A linear sesterterpene, two squalene derivatives and two peptide derivatives from Croton hieronymi. Phytochemistry, 64, 625–629.
65.
KrebsHC, RamiarantsoaH. (1996) Clerodane diterpenes and other constituents of Croton hovarum. Phytochemistry, 41, 561–563.
ChavezPI, JoladSD, HoffmannJJ, ColeJR. (1982) Four new 12-deoxyphorbol diesters from Croton californicus. Journal of Natural Products, 45, 745–748.
68.
BauerR, TittelG, WagnerH. (1983) Isolation and detection of phorbol esters from Croton oil by HPLC. A new analytical method for diterpene esters in Euphorbiaceae. Planta Medica, 48, 10–16.
69.
El MekkawyS, MeselhyMR, NakamuraN, HattoriM, KawahataT, OtakeT. (2000) Anti-HIV-1 phorbol esters from the seeds of Croton tiglium. Phytochemistry, 53, 457–464.
70.
ErdelmeierCAJ, Van LeeuwenPAS, KinghornAD. (1988) Phorbol diester constituents of Croton oil: separation by two-dimensional tlc and rapid purification utilizing reversed-phase overpressure layer chromatography (RP-OPLC). Planta Medica, 54, 71–75.
71.
MurilloRM, JakupovicJ, RiveraJ, CastroVH. (2001) Diterpenes and other constituents from Croton draco (Euphorbiaceae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 49, 259–264.
72.
GiangPM, JinHZ, SonPT, LeeJH, HongYS, LeeJJ. (2003) Ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Croton tonkinensis inhibit LPS-induced NF-KB activation and NO production. Journal of Natural Products, 66, 1217–1220.
73.
GiangPM, SonPT, LeeJJ, OtsukaH. (2004) Four ent-kaurane-type diterpenoids from Croton tonkinensis Gagnep. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 52, 879–882.
74.
MinhPTH, NgocPH, QuangDN, HashimotoT, TakaokaS, AsakawaY. (2003) A novel ent-kaurane diterpenoid from the Croton tonkinensis Gagnep. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 51, 590–591.
75.
MinhPTH, NgocPH, TaylorWC, CuongNM. (2004) A new ent-kaurane diterpenoid from Croton tonkinensis leaves. Fitoterapia, 75, 552–556.
76.
MonteFJQ, DantasEMG, Braz-FilhoR. (1988) New diterpenoids from Croton argyrophylloides. Phytochemistry, 27, 3209–3212.
77.
SonPT, GiangPM, TaylorWC. (2000) An ent-kaurane diterpenoid from Croton tonkinensis Gagnep. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 53, 1003–1005.
78.
ThongtanJ, KittakoopP, RuangrungsiN, SaenboonruengJ, ThebtaranonthY. (2003) New antimycobacterial and antimalarial 8,9-secokaurane diterpenes from Croton kongensis. Journal of Natural Products, 66, 868–870.
79.
BlockS, StévignyC, Pauw-GilletMC, HoffmannE, LlabrèsG, AdjakidjéV, Quentin-LeclercqJ. (2002) Ent-trachiloban-3β-ol, a new cytotoxic diterpene from Croton zambesicus. Planta Medica, 68, 647–649.
80.
BlockS, BaccelliC, TinantB, MeerveltLV, RozenbergR, JiwanJLH, LlabrèsG, Pauw-GilletMC, Quentin-LeclercqJ. (2004) Diterpenes from the leaves of Croton zambesicus. Phytochemistry, 65, 1165–1171.
81.
NgadjuiBT, FolefocGG, KeumedjioF, DongoE, SondengamBL, ConnollyJD. (1999) Crotonadiol, a labdane diterpenoid from the stem bark of Croton zambesicus. Phytochemistry, 51, 171–174.
82.
KapinguMC, GuillaumeD, MbwamboZH, MoshiMJ, UlisoFC, MahunnahRLA. (2000) Diterpenoids from the roots of Croton macrostachys. Phytochemistry, 54, 767–770.
83.
ChanWR, PrinceEC, ManchandPS, SpringerJP, ClardyJ. (1975) The structure of crotofolin A, a diterpene with a new skeleton. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 97, 4437–4439.
84.
BurkeBA, ChanWR, PascoeKO, BlountJF, ManchandPS. (1979) The structure of crotofolin E, a novel tricyclic diterpene from Croton corylifolius. Tetrahedron Letters, 3345–3348.
85.
JogiaMK, AndersenRJ, ParkanyiL, ClardyJ, DublinHT, SinclairARE. (1989) Crotofolane diterpenoids from the African shrub Croton dichogamus Pax. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 54, 1654–1657.
86.
HeluaniCS, CatalanCAN, HernandezLR, Burgueno-TapiaE, Joseph-NathanP. (1998) 13C NMR assignments and conformational evaluation of diterpenes from Croton sarcopetalus Muell. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 36, 947–950.
87.
HeluaniCS, CatalanCAN, HernandezLR, Burgueno-TapiaE, Joseph-NathanP. (2000) Three new diterpenoids based on the novel sarcopetalane skeleton from Croton sarcopetalus. Journal of Natural Products, 63, 222–225.
88.
RojasET, Rodriguez-HahnL. (1978) Nivenolide, a diterpene lactone from Croton niveus. Phytochemistry, 17, 574–575.
89.
KitazawaE, OgisoA. (1981) Two diterpene alcohols from Croton sublyratus. Phytochemistry, 20, 287–289.
RoengsumranS, AchayindeeS, PetsomA, PudhomK, SingtothongP, SurachetapanC, VilaivanT. (1998) Two new cembranoids from Croton oblongifolius. Journal of Natural Products, 61, 652–654.
97.
RoengsumranS, SingtothongP, PudhomK, NgamrochanavanichN, PetsomA, ChaichantipyuthC. (1999) Neocrotocembranal from Croton oblongifolius. Journal of Natural Products, 62, 1163–1164.
98.
NgamrojnavanichN, TonsiengsomS, LertpratchyaP, RoengsumranS, PuthongS, PetsomA. (2003) Diterpenoids from the stem barks of Croton robustus. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 26, 898–901.
99.
AlvarengaMA, GottliebHE, GottliebOR, MagalhaesMT, da SilvaVO. (1978) Chemistry of Brazilian Euphobiaceae. Part E. Diasin, a diterpene from Croton diasii. Phytochemistry, 17, 1773–1776.
100.
AdesoganEK. (1981) The structure of penduliflaworosin, a new furanoid diterpene from Croton penduliflorus. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions1, 1151–1153.
AppendinoG, BorrelliF, CapassoR, CampagnuoloC, FattorussoE, PetrucciF, Taglialatela-ScafatiO. (2003) Minor diterpenoids from cascarilla (Croton eluteria Bennet) and evaluation of the cascarilla extract and cascarillin effects on gastric acid secretion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 6970–6974.
103.
RoengsumranS, PornpakakulS, MuangsinN, SangvanichP, NhujakT, SingtothongP, ChaichitN, PuthongS, PetsomA. (2004) New halimane diterpenoids from Croton oblongifolius. Planta Medica, 70, 87–89.
Klein-GebbinckEA, JansenBJM, de GrootA. (2002) Insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenes and related model compounds. Phytochemistry, 61, 737–770.
106.
AlvarengaSAV, GastmansJP, RodriguesGD, MorenoPRH, EmerencianoVD. (2001) A computer-assisted approach for chemotaxonomic studies–diterpenes in Lamiaceae. Phytochemistry, 56, 583–595.
107.
VaccariniCE, PalaciosSM, MeragelmanKM, SosaVE. (1999) Phytogrowth-inhibitory activities of a clerodane from Viguiera tucumanensis. Phytochemistry, 50, 227–230.
108.
SiddiquiHL, MunesadaK, SugaT. (1992) Biologically active clerodane-type diterpene alcohol and its glycosides from the rootstalks of ferns. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions1, 781–785.
109.
ShenYC, WangCH, ChengYC, WangLT, GuhJH, ChienCT, KhalilAT. (2004) New cytotoxic clerodane diterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of Casearia membranacea. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 316–321.
110.
De AlmeidaABA, MeloPS, Hiruma-LimaCA, GraciosoJS, CarliL, NunesDS, HaunM, BritoARMS. (2003) Antiulcerogenic effect and cytotoxic activity of semi-synthetic crotonin obtained from Croton cajucara Benth. European Journal of Pharmacology, 472, 205–212.
111.
MaruzzellaJC, BalterJ. (1959) The action of essential oils on phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Disease Reporter, 43, 1143–1147.
BritoARMS, RodriguezJA, Hiruma-LimaCA, HaunM, NunesDS. (1998) Antiulcerogenic activity of trans-dehydrocrotonin from Croton cajucara. Planta Medica, 64, 126–129.
116.
Hiruma-LimaCA, TomaW, GraciosoJS, Albino de AlmeidaAB, BatistaLM, MagriL, Bensuaski de PaulaAC, SoaresFR, NunesDS, BritoARMS. (2002) Natural trans-crotonin: the antiulcerogenic effect of another diterpene isolated from the bark of Croton cajucara Benth. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 25, 452–456.
117.
GrynbergNF, EchevarriaA, LimaJE, PamplonaSSR, PintoAC, MacielMAM. (1999) Anti-tumour activity of two 19-nor-clerodane diterpenes, trans-dehydrocrotonin and trans-crotonin, from Croton cajucara. Planta Medica, 65, 687–689.
118.
RodriguezJA, HaunM. (1999) Cytotoxicity of trans-dehydrocrotonin from Croton cajucara on V-79 cells and rats hepatocytes. Planta Medica, 65, 522–526.
119.
RodriguezJA, HaunM. (1999) Cytotoxicity of trans-dehydrocrotonin from Croton cajucara on V-79 cells and rats hepatocytes. Planta Medica, 65, 522–526.
120.
FreireACG, Fernandes de AssisC, FrickAO, MeloOS, HaunM, AoyamaH, DuranN, SauerMM, KallasEG, FerreiraCV. (2003) Influence of protein phosphatase inhibitors on HL60 cells death induction by dehydrocrotonin. Leukemia Research, 27, 823–829.
121.
SilvaRM, SantosFA, RaoVSN, MacielMAM, PintoAC. (2001) Blood glucose- and tryglyceride-lowering effect of trans-dehydrocrotonin, a diterpene from Croton cajucara Benth. in rats. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 3, 452–456.
122.
SilvaRM, SantosFA, RaoVSN, MacielMAM, PintoAC. (2001) The lipid-lowering effect of trans-dehydrocrotonin, a clerodane diterpene from Croton cajucara Benth, in mice fed a high-fat diet. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 53, 535–539.
123.
CostaAML, SilvaJCR, CamposAR, RaoVSN, MacielMAM, PintoAC. (1999) Antiestrogenic effect of trans-dehydrocrotonin, a nor-clerodane diterpene from Croton cajucara Benth, in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 13, 689–691.
124.
FariasRAF, RaoVSN, VianaGSB, SilveiraER, MacielMAM, PintoAC. (1997) Hypoglycemic effect of trans-dehydrocrotonin, a nor-clerodane diterpene from Croton cajucara. Planta Medica, 63, 558–560.
125.
AgnerAR, MacielMAM, PintoAC, PamplonaSGSR, ColusIMS (1999) Investigation of genotoxoic activity of trans-dehydrocrotonin, a clerodane diterpene from Croton cajucara. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 19, 377–384.
126.
AgnerMR, MacielMAM, PintoAC, ColusIMS. (2001) Antigenotoxicity of trans-dehydrocrotonin, a clerodane diterpene from Croton cajucara. Planta Medica, 67, 815–819.
PueblaP, CorreaSX, GuerreroMF, San FelicianoA. (2005) Phenylbutanoid derivatives from Croton schiedeanus. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 33, 849–854.
129.
GuerreroMF, PueblaP, CarronR, MartinML. San RomanL. (2004) Vasorelaxant effect of new neo-clerodane diterpenoids isolated from Croton schiedeanus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94, 185–189.
130.
McChesneyJD, ClarkAM, SilveiraER. (1991) Antimicrobial diterpenes of Croton sonderianus. 1. Hardwickic and 3,4-secotrachylobanoic acids. Journal of Natural Products, 54, 1625–1633.
131.
McChesneyJD, SilveiraER. (1990) Ent-clerodanes of Croton sonderianus. Fitoterapia, 61, 172–175.
132.
KitazawaE, OgishoA, TakahashiS, SatoA, KurabayashiM, KuwanoH, HataT, TamuraC. (1979) Plaunol A and B, new anti-ulcer diterpene lactones from Croton sublyratus. Tetrahedron Letters, 13, 1117–1120.
133.
PerezC, AnesiniC. (1994) In vitro antibacterial activity of Argentine folk medicinal plants against Salmonella typhi. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 44, 41–46.
134.
CraveiroAA, SilveiraER, Braz-FilhoR, MascarenhasIP. (1981) Sonderianin, a furanoid diterpene from Croton sonderianus. Phytochemistry, 20, 852–854.
SiemsK, DominguezXA, JakupovicJ. (1992) Diterpenes and other constituents from Croton cortesianus. Phytochemistry, 31, 4363–4365.
137.
BandaraBMR, WimalasiriWR, BandaraKANP. (1987) Isolation and insecticidal activity of (-)-hardwickiic acid from Croton aromaticus. Planta Medica, 53, 575.
138.
LuzbetakDJ, TorrancesSJ, HoffmannJJ, ColeJR. (1979) Isolation of (-)-hardwickiic acid and 1-triacontanol from Croton californicus. Journal of Natural Products, 42, 315–316.
139.
McChesneyJD, SilveiraER. (1989) 12-Hydroxyhardwickic acid and sonderianial, neo-clerodanes from Croton sonderianus. Phytochemistry, 28, 3411–3414.
140.
ItokawaH, IchiharaY, ShimizuM, TakeyaK, MotidomeM. (1990) Cajucarins A and B, new clerodane diterpenes from Croton cajucara, and their conformations. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 38, 701–705.
141.
MacielMAM, PintoAC, BraboSN, da SilvaMN. (1998) Terpenoids from Croton cajucara. Phytochemistry, 49, 823–828.
142.
VigorC, FabreN, FourastéI, MoulisC. (2001) Three clerodane diterpenoids from Croton eluteria Bennett. Phytochemistry, 57, 1209–1212.
143.
Claude-LafontaineA, RouillardM, CassanJ, AzzaroM. (1976) Composés terpéniques inédits, constituents de l'huile essentielle de cascarille. Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 1–2, 88–90.
144.
NgadjuiBT, AbegazBM, KeumedjioF, FolefocGN, KapcheGWF. (2002) Diterpenoids from the stem bark of Croton zambesicus. Phytochemistry, 60, 345–349.
AlbuquerqueMMF, LyraFDDA, MelloJF, LimaOG, Delle MonacheF, DiuMBDS, MoreiraLC. (1974) Antimicrobial substances of higher plants. Isolation of a diterpenic acid from Croton aff. argyrophylloides (Euphorbiaceae). Revista do Instituto de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Recife, 14, 83.
147.
FattorussoE, Taglialatela-ScafatiO, CampagnuoloC, SanteliaFU, AppendinoG, SpagliardiP. (2002) Diterpenoids from cascarilla (Croton eluteria Bennet). Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 50, 5131–5138.
148.
BabiliF, MoulisC, BonM, RespaudMJ, FourasteI. (1998) Three furano-diterpenes from the bark of Croton campestris. Phytochemistry, 48, 165–169.
149.
PeresMTLP, Delle MonacheF, PizzolattiMG, SantosARS, BeirithA, CalixtoJB, YunesRA. (1998) Analgesic compounds of Croton urucurana Baillon. Pharmaco-chemical criteria used in their isolation. Phytotherapy Research, 12, 209–211.
150.
PeresMTLP, PizzolattiMG, YunesRA, Delle MonacheF. (1998) Clerodane diterpenes of Croton ururucana. Phytochemistry, 49, 171–174.
151.
Addae-MensahI, AchenbachH, ThoithiGN, WaibelR, MwangiJW. (1992) Epoxychiromodine and other constitfuents of Croton megalocarpus. Phytochemistry, 31, 2055–2058.
OgisoA, KitazawaE, MikuriyaI, PromdejC. (1981) Original plant of a Thai crude drug, plau-noi. Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 35, 287–290.
156.
WeckertE, HummerK, Addae-MensahI, AchenbachH. (1992) The absolute configuration of chiromodine. Phytochemistry, 31, 2170–2172.
157.
Addae-MensahI, WaibelR, AchenbachH, MuriukiG, PearceC, SandersJKM. (1989) A clerodane diterpene and other constituents of Croton megalocarpus. Phytochemistry, 28, 2759–2761.
158.
HalsallTG, OxfordAW, RigbyW. (1965) The structure of cascarillin A, an epoxi-furanoid diterpene. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 218–219.
159.
VigorC, FabreN, FourastéI, MoulisC. (2002) Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Croton eluteria. Journal of Natural Products, 65, 1180–1182.
160.
BurkeBA, ChanWR, PrinceEC, ManchandPS, EickmanN, ClardyJ. (1976) The structure of corylifuran, a clerodane-type diterpene from Croton corylifolius Lam. Tetrahedron, 32, 1881–1884.
161.
ChatterjeeA, BanerjeeA, BohlmannF. (1977) Crotocaudin: a rearranged labdane type norditerpene from Croton caudatus Geisel. Tetrahedron, 33, 2407–2414.
162.
ChatterjeeA, BanerjeeA, BohlmannF, (1978) Isocrotocaudin, a new norclerodane-type diterpene from Croton caudatus. Phytochemistry, 17, 1777–1779.
163.
LourençoA, TorreMC, RodriguezB. (1991) Transformation of montanin A into isocrotocaudin. A revision of the structures of crotocaudin and isocrotocaudin. Tetrahedron Letters, 32, 7305–7308.
164.
ChanWR, TaylorDR, WillisCR. (1968) Terpenoids from the Euphorbiaceae. Part 1. The structure of crotonin, a norditerpene from Croton lucidus L. Journal of the Chemical Society Section C, 2781–2785.
165.
MoulisC, BonM, JaudJ, FourasteI. (1992) Crovatin, a furanoid diterpene from Croton levatii. Phytochemistry, 31, 1421–1423.
166.
FujitaE, NodeM, NishideK, SaiM, FujiK, McPhailAT, LambertonJA. (1980) Structures of croverin (X-ray-analysis) and dihydrocroverin, two new diterpene lactones from Croton verreauxii Baill. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 920–921.
167.
Rodriguez-HahnL, RodriguezJJ, RomoJ. (1975) Iislamiento y estructura de la draconina. Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica, 6, 123–126.
MoulisC, FourasteI, BonM. (1992) Levatin, an 18-norclerodane diterpene from Croton levatii. Journal of Natural Products, 55, 445–449.
170.
Rodriguez-HahnL, ValenciaA, DiazRSE, NegrónG. (1981) Aislamiento y estructura de los componentes quimicos de Croton pyramidalis. Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica, 12, 16–19.
171.
TakahashiS, KurabayashiM, KitazawaE, HaruyamaH, OgisoA. (1983) Plaunolide, a furanoid diterpene from Croton sublyratus. Phytochemistry, 22, 302–303.
172.
HaruyamaH, HataT, OgisoA, TamuraC, KitazawaE. (1983) Structure of plaunolide, a new furanoid diterpene from Croton sublyratus, C20H20O5. Acta Crystallographica Section C, 39, 255–257.
173.
RoengsumranS, LuangdilokW, PetsomA, PraruggamoS, PengprechaS. (1982) Structure of swassin, a new furanoid diterpene. Journal of Natural Products, 45, 772–773.
174.
FujitaE, NagaoY, NodeM. (1976) Diterpenoids of Isodon and Teucrium plants. Heterocycles, 5, 793–838.
175.
WilsonSR, NeubertLA, HuffmanJC. (1976) The chemistry of Euphorbiaceae. A new diterpene from Croton californicus. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 98, 3669.
176.
TaneP, TatsimoS, ConnollyJD. (2004) Crotomacrine, a new clerodane diterpene from the fruits of Croton macrostachys. Tetrahedron Letters, 45, 6997–6998.
177.
Palmeira JüniorSF, ConservaLM, SilveiraER. (2005) Two clerodane diterpenes from Croton brasiliensis. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 16, 1420–1424.
178.
PueblaP, CorreaSX, GuerreroM, CarronR, San FelicianoA. (2005) New cis-clerodane diterpenoids from Croton schiedeanus. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 53, 328–329.
179.
FariasRAF, NetoMFO, VianaGSB, RaoVSN. (1996) Effects of Croton cajucara extract on serum lipids of rats fed a high fat diet. Phytotherapy Research, 10, 697–699.
180.
RosaMSS, Mendonça-FilhoRR, BizzoHR, RodriguesIA, SoaresRMA, Souto-PadronT, AlvianoCS, LopesAHCS. (2003) Antileishmanial activity of a linalool-rich essential oil from Croton cajucara. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47, 1895–1901.
181.
Hiruma-LimaCA, GraciosoJS, NunnesDS, Souza BritoARM. (1999) Effects of an essential oil from the bark of Croton cajucara Benth. on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats and mice. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 51, 341–346.
DhawanBN, PatnaikGK, RastogiRP, SinghKK, TandonJS. (1977) Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. VI. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 15, 208–219.
184.
BhakuniDS, DharML, DharMM, DhawanBN, MehrotraBN. (1969) Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part II. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 7, 250–262.
185.
AtalCK, SrivastavaJB, WaliBK, ChakravartyRB, DhawanBN, RastogiRP. (1978) Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part VIII. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 16, 330–349.
186.
MokkasmitM, NgarmwathanaW, SawasdimongkolK, PermphiphatU. (1971) Pharmacological evaluation of Thai medicinal plants. (Continued). Journal of Medical Association of Thailand, 54, 490–504.
187.
NakanishiK, SasakiSI, KiangAK, GohJ, KakisawaH, OhashiM, GotoM, WatanabeJM, YokotaniH, MatsumuraC, TogashiM. (1965) Phytochemical survey of Malaysian plants. Preliminary chemical and pharmacological screening. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 13, 882–890.
188.
MacraeWD, HudsonJB, TowersGHN. (1988) Studies on the pharmacological activity of Amazonian Euphorbiaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 22, 143–172.
189.
DesmarchelierC, SchausFW, CoussioJ, CiccaG.Effects of Sangre de Grado from Croton lechleri Muell. Arg. (1997) On the production of the active oxygen radicals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 58, 103–108.
190.
UbillasR, JoladSD, BrueningRC, KernanMR, KingSR, SesinDF, BarretM, StoddartCA, FlasterT, KuoJ, AyalaF, MezaE, CastanelM, Mc MeekinD, RozhonE, TempestaMS, BarnardD, HuffmanJ, SmeeD, SidwellR, SoikeK, BrazierA, SafrinS, OrlandR, KennyPTM, BerovaN, NakanishiK. (1994) SP–303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of Croton lechleri (Sangre de Grado). Phytomedicine, 1, 77–106.
191.
LuisNR. (1998) Effect of Croton lechleri Muell-Arg., Sangre de Grado, on the exploratory activity of albino rats. Biodiversidad Salud, 1, 26–28.
192.
VaisbergAJ, MillaM, PlanasMDC, CordovaJL, De AgustiER, FerreyraR, MustigaMDC, CarlinL, HammondGB. (1989) Taspine is the cicatrizant principle in Sangre de Grado extracted from Croton lechleri. Planta Medica, 55, 140–143.
193.
DestaB. (1993) Ethiopian traditional herbal drugs. Part II. Antimicrobial activity of 63 medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 39, 129–139.
194.
GeyidA, AbebeD, DebellaA, MakonnenZ, AberraF, TekaF, KebedeT, UrgaK, YersawK, BizaT, MariamBH, GutaM. (2005) Screening of some medicinal plants of Ethiopia for their anti-microbial properties and chemical profiles. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97, 421–427.
195.
TaniguchiM, KuboI. (1993) Ethnobotanical drug discovery based on medicine men's trials in the African Savanna. Screening of east African plants for antimicrobial activity II. Journal of Natural Products, 56, 1539–1546.
196.
TaniguchiM, ChapyaA, KuboI, NakanishiK. (1978) Screening of East African plants for antimicrobial activity. I. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26, 2910–2913.
197.
KupchanSM, HemingwayRJ, CoggonP, Mc PhailAT, SimGA. (1968) Crotepoxide, a novel cyclohexane diepoxide tumor inhibitor from Croton macrostachys. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 90, 2982.
198.
ItoY, YanaseS, FujitaJ, HarayamaT, TakashimaM, ImanakaH. (1981) A short term in vitro assay for promoter substances using human lymphoblastoid cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus. Cancer Letters, 13, 29–37.
199.
DaffalaAA, AminMA. (1976) Laboratory and field evaluation of the molluscicidal properties of Habat-El-Mollok (Croton spp.). East African Journal of Medicinal Research, 3, 185–195.
200.
ZarrougIMA, NugudAD, BashirAK, MageedAA. (1988) Evaluation of Sudanese plant extracts as mosquito larvicides. International Journal of Crude Drug Research, 26, 77–80.
201.
TachibanaY, KatoA, NishiyamaY, KawanishiK, TobeH, JumaFD, OgetoJO, MathengeSG. (1993) Mitogenic activities in African traditional herbal medicines. Planta Medica, 59, 354–358.
202.
KhierYM, SalihAM. (1979) Investigation of the nature of the molluscicidal factor of Croton macrostachys. Journal African of Medicinal Plant, 2, 55.
203.
Mc CulloughFS, GayralPH, DuncanJ, ChristieJD. (1980) Molluscicides in schistosomiasis control. Bulletin WHO, 58, 681–689.
204.
AminMA, DaffalaAA. El MoneinOA. (1972) Preliminary report on the molluscicidal properties of Habat El-Mollok, Jatropha sp. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66, 805–806.
205.
DestaB. (1995) Ethiopian traditional herbal drugs. Part I. Studies on the toxicity and therapeutic activity of local taenicidal medications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 45, 27–33.
206.
YanaseS, ItoY. (1984) Heat durability of Epstein-Barr virus-activating substances of plant origin: 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, 12-O-hexadecanoyl-16-hydro-phorbol-13-acetate, Croton oil, tung oil and Croton megalocarpus extract. Cancer Letters, 22, 183–186.
207.
KloosH, ThiongoFW, OumaJH, ButterworthAE. (1987) Preliminary evaluation of some wild and cultivated plants for snail control in Machakos District, Kenya. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 197–204.
208.
BhakuniDS, DharML, DharMM, DhawanBN, GuptaB, SrimalRC. (1971) Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part III. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 9, 91.
209.
AhmedB, AlamT, VarshneyM, KhanSA. (2002) Hepatoprotective activity of two plants belonging to the Apiaceae and the Euphorbiaceae family. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79, 313–316.
210.
GuerreroMF, PueblaP, CarronR, MartinML, ArteagaL, San RomanL. (2002) Assessment of the antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of ethanolic extracts of some Colombian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 80, 37–42.
211.
GuerreroMF, CarronR, MartinML, San RomanL, RegueroMT. (2001) Antihypertensive and vasorelaxant effects of aqueous extract from Croton schiedeanus Schlecht in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 75, 33–36.
212.
SantosFA, JefersonFA, SantosCC, SilveiraER, RaoVSN. (2005) Antinociceptive effect of leaf essential oil from Croton sonderianus. Life Sciences, 77, 2953–2963.
213.
RouquayrolMZ, FontelesMC, AlencarJE, MatosFJA, CraveiroAA. (1980) Molluscicidal activity of essential oils from Northeastern Brazilian plants. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Médica e Biológica, 13, 135–143.
214.
OgisoA, KitazawaE, KurabayashiM, SatoA, TakahashiS, NoguchiH, KuwanoH, KobayashiS, MishimaH. (1978) Isolation and structure of antipeptic ulcer diterpene from Thai medicinal plant. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26, 3117–3123.
215.
BhakuniDS, GoelAK, JainS, MehrotraBN, PatnaikGK, PrakashV. (1988) Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part XIII. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 26, 883–904.
216.
PeresMT, Delle MonacheF, CruzAB, PizzolattiMG, YunesRA. (1997) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 56, 223–226.
217.
TrevisanMTS, VanderlanFVM, van de MeentM, RheeIK, VerpoorteR. (2003) Screening of plants with anticholinesterase activity for treatment of Alzheimer disease. Quimica Nova, 26, 301–304.
218.
TrevisanMTS, VanderlanFVM, van de MeentM, RheeIK, VerpoorteR. (2003) Screening of plants with anticholinesterase activity for treatment of Alzheimer disease. Quimica Nova, 26, 301–304.
219.
GurgelLA, SidrimJJC, MartinsDT, Cechinel FilhoV, RaoVSN. (2005) In vitro antifungal activity of dragon's blood from Croton urucurana against dermatophytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97, 409–412.
220.
GurgelLA, SilvaRM, SantosFA, MartinsDT, MattosPO, RaoVS. (2001) Studies on the antidiarrhoeal effect of dragon's blood from Croton urucurana. Phytotherapy Research, 15, 319–322.
221.
AboKA, OunleyeVO, AshidiJS. (1999) Antimicrobial potential of Spondias mombin, Croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea. Phytotherapy Research, 13, 494–497.
222.
HusseinG, MiyashiroH, NakamuraN, HattoriM, KawahataT, OtakeT, KakiuchiN, ShimotohnoK. (1999) Inhibitory effects of Sudanese plant extracts on HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 protease. Phytotherapy Research, 13, 31–36.
223.
HusseinG, MiyashiroH, NakamuraN, HattoriM, ShimotohnoK. (2000) Inhibitory effects of Sudanese plant extracts on hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease. Phytotherapy Research, 14, 510–516.
224.
MacielMAM, PintoAC, KaiserCR. (2003) Spectral assignments and reference data – NMR and structure review of some natural furoclerodanes. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 41, 278–282.
