Preterm delivery is often associated with increased cytokine and chemokine production. These studies characterize the expression of the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in mice during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—induced preterm delivery. Uterine and other tissues were harvested from CD-1 mice on gestational day 15 after intrauterine LPS injection. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions determined MCP-1 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression during the 24 hours after LPS. MCP-1 protein expression was determined using a cytokine/chemokine protein array, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, and immunohistochemistry. Intrauterine LPS injection caused preterm delivery in CD-1 mice between 12 and 24 hours. Expression of MCP-1 mRNA significantly increased at 2 and 6 hours, while TLR4 expression did not significantly change over 24 hours. The MCP-1 protein levels peaked by 2 to 6 hours in maternal serum, liver, lung, kidney, and uterus. Immunohistochemistry confirmed MCP-1 in the myometrium and endometrium. These studies provide evidence suggesting that MCP-1 potentially plays an important role during the proinflammatory immune response, leading to preterm labor in the mouse.
Petrou S.The economic consequences of preterm birth during the first 10 years of life . BJOG. 2005;112(suppl 1):10-15.
2.
Callaghan WM , MacDorman MF, Rasmussen SA, Qin C., Lackritz EMThe contribution of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4): 1566-1573.
3.
Hirsch E., Wang H.The molecular pathophysiology of bacterially induced preterm labor: insights from the murine model. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005;12(3):145-155.
4.
Hirsch E., Muhle RA, Mussalli GM, Blanchard R.Bacterially induced preterm labor in the mouse does not require maternal interleukin-1 signaling. Am J Obstet Gynecol.2002;186(3): 523-530.
5.
Elovitz MA, Wang Z., Chien EK, Rychlik DF, Phillippe M.A new model for inflammation-induced preterm birth: the role of platelet-activating factor and toll-like receptor-4. Am J Pathol.2003;163(5):2103-2111.
6.
Törnblom SA, Klimaviciute A., Byström B., Chromek M., Brauner A., Ekman-Ordeberg G.Non-infected preterm parturition is related to increased concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 in human cervix. Reprod BiolEndocrinol.2005;3:39.
7.
Yellon SM, Mackler AM, Kirby MAThe role of leukocyte traffic and activation in parturition. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2003;10(6):323-338.
8.
Lappas M., Permezel M., Georgiou HM, Rice GERegulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human gestational tissues by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma: effect of 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) and troglitazone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2002;87(10):4667-4672.
9.
Gravett MG, Hitti J., Hess DL, Eschenbach DAIntrauterine infection and preterm delivery: evidence for activation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Am J Obstet Gynecol.2000;182(6):1404-1413.
10.
Gravett MG, Witkin SS, Haluska GJ, Edwards JL, Cook MJ, Novy MJAn experimental model for intraamniotic infection and preterm labor in rhesus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol.1994;171(6):1660-1667.
11.
Leslie KK, Lee SL, Woodcock SM, et al. Acute intrauterine infection results in an imbalance between pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in the pregnant rabbit. Am J Reprod Immunol.2000;43(5):305-311.
12.
Mussalli GM , Brunnert SR, Hirsch E.Preterm delivery in mice with renal abscess . Obstet Gynecol.2000;95(3):453-456.
13.
Mitsuhashi Y., Otsuki K.,Yoda A., Shimizu Y., Saito H.,Yanaihara T.Effect of lactoferrin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced preterm delivery in mice. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000; 79(5):355-358.
14.
Reznikov LL , Shames BD, Barton HA, et al. Interleukin-1beta deficiency results in reduced NF-kappaB levels in pregnant mice. Am J PhysiolRegul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000; 278(1):R263-R270.
15.
Romero R., Erez O., Espinoza J.Intrauterine infection, preterm labor, and cytokines. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005; 12(7):463-465.
16.
Yoshimura K. , Hirsch E.Interleukin-6 is neither necessary nor sufficient for preterm labor in a murine infection model. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2003;10(7):423-427.
17.
Jacobsson B., Holst RM, Wennerholm UB, Andersson B., Lilja H., Hagberg H.Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in cervical and amniotic fluid: relationship to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, and preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol.2003;189(4):1161-1167.
18.
Esplin MS, Romero R., Chaiworapongsa T., et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 is increased in the amniotic fluid of women who deliver preterm in the presence or absence of intra-amniotic infection. J Matern Fetal NeonatalMed.2005 ; 17(6):365-373.
19.
Esplin MS, Peltier MR, Hamblin S., et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression is increased in human gestational tissues during term and preterm labor. Placenta . 2005:26(8-9): 661-671.
20.
Boyd JH, Divangahi M., Yahiaoui L., Gvozdic D., Qureshi S., Petrof BJToll-like receptors differentially regulate CC and CXC chemokines in skeletal muscle via NF-kappaB and calcineurin. Infect Immun.2006;74(12):6829-6838.
21.
Adams KM, Lucas J., Kapur RP, Stevens AMLPS induces translocation of TLR4 in amniotic epithelium. Placenta. 2007; 28(5-6):477-481.
22.
Baggiolini M., Dahinden CACC chemokines in allergic inflammation. Immunol Today. 1994;15(3):127-133.
23.
Lu B., Rutledge BJ, Gu L., et al. Abnormalities in monocyte recruitment and cytokine expression in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-deficient mice. J Exp Med.1998;187(4):601-608.
24.
Rankine EL, Hughes PM, Botham MS, Perry VH, Felton LMBrain cytokine synthesis induced by an intraparenchymal injection of LPS is reduced in MCP-1-deficient mice prior to leucocyte recruitment. Eur J Neurosci.2006;24(1):77-86.
25.
Bone-Larson CL, Hogaboam CM, Steinhauser ML, et al. Novel protective effects of stem cell factor in a murine model of acute septic peritonitis: dependence on MCP-1 . Am J Pathol.2000;157(4):1177-1186.
26.
Warren GL, Hulderman T., Mishra D., et al. Chemokine receptor CCR2 involvement in skeletal muscle regeneration . FASEB J.2005;19(3):413-415.
27.
Lund S., Christensen K., Hedtjän A., et al.The dynamics of the LPS triggered inflammatory response of murine microglia under different culture and in vivo conditions. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;180(1-2):71-87.
