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Abstract

Background:

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a key pillar of personal diabetes management. The objective of this observational study was to analyze diabetes self-management (DSM) and glycemic outcomes before and during system implementation in real-life settings of a blood glucose meter system with a color-coded display of glucose levels, which helps identify out-of-range levels.

Methods:

A total of 193 insulin-treated diabetes patients (11% T1DM; 55% male, age 60 ± 4 years, mean diabetes duration 14 ± 9 years, HbA1c 8.68 ± 1.2%) were enrolled into the study. Both the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and glycemic control were analyzed at baseline and 3 and 6 months after study initiation.

Results:

DSMQ general perception improved significantly by the end of the study period (“Sum Scale,” P < .05). Moreover, after 6 months patient’s attitudes on self-care (Q16, P = .0046) and nutrition (“Dietary Control,” P = .004) showed significant improvements. Use of the blood glucose meter resulted in improved glycemic control, as shown by mean HbA1c levels, which decreased from 8.68 ± 1.2% at baseline to 8.13 ± 1.02% after 3 months (P < .0001) and to 7.9 ± 1.1% at 6 months (P < .0001). Both patients and diabetes educators agreed in the advantages of the color-coded indicator and on its helpfulness in assisting patients on their diabetes management, as drawn from the results of the self-reported satisfaction questionnaire.

Conclusion:

This real-world study demonstrates that SMBG implemented via this new blood glucose meter not only leads to an improvement in metabolic control, but also is associated with a significant improvement in diabetes management.

Keywords

SMBG glucose meter observational study blood glucose insulin therapy

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) plays an important role in diabetes management.^1,2 SMBG has been shown beneficial for the achievement of glycemic targets and reducing glycemic variability, allowing even for hypoglycemia anticipation.^3-6 In patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin, SMBG is not only associated with an improved metabolism, it also strengthens patient responsibility,^7-11 increasing disease awareness thereby influencing lifestyle.¹² Furthermore, an epidemiological cohort study demonstrated a positive influence of frequent SMBG on diabetes-related morbidity and overall mortality.¹³

Various national and international guidelines recommend regular SMBG for diabetes management and treatment support. The American Diabetes Association guideline recommends SMBG to both health providers and patients for glycemic control assessment.¹ Additional recommendations, such as the guidelines by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF),¹⁴ the European Society of Cardiology (ESC),¹⁵ and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)¹⁶ consider SMBG an integral part of diabetes self-management (DSM). Moreover, European consensus recommendations stress individual SMBG strategies for patients with diabetes.^17-20

OneTouch® Verio® (Johnson & Johnson Medical GmbH; Geschäftsbereich Johnson & Johnson Diabetes Care Companies; Johnson & Johnson Platz 2, 41470 Neuss, Germany) is a new blood glucose meter that informs users via a color-coded display system whether the measured values are within (green), below (blue) or above (red) their target range, which would be individually tailored to the patient by their health provider. It provides easy-to-understand measurement results, increasing patient awareness, thus allowing for better self-management of their blood glucose levels, irrespective of whether exercise, food choice or insulin dose adjustment is required. The system stores measurements and therefore allows for tracking progress. Patients are informed and encouraged by the system via automatic on-screen messages. For instance, continuously within-target values, or getting back into range after being too high are reaffirmed by success messages.^21-23 A summary of device features can be observed in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Main features of the OneTouch® Verio® blood glucose meter.

In this observational study, we intended to analyze DSM before and during system implementation in real-life settings and demonstrate its effects on glycemic control.

Methods

We performed a national multicenter (9 trial sites) prospective observational study. The trial was performed in agreement with the requirements from the Bavarian Medical Council. All patients provided written informed consent after being properly informed in writing about the objectives and particulars of the study. The duration of the observational study was 6 months; values were analyzed upon launch (baseline), at 3 months and at 6 months.

Biological parameters examined included blood glucose and HbA1c levels, which were evaluated by means of quality-controlled laboratory methods as were lipids (LDL, HDL, and triglycerides). For analysis of biological factors, the usually accepted reference values/intervals were employed. Anthropometric data included the patient’s body mass index (BMI) and waist size. Therefore, weight and height were noted at baseline and weight followed up over the course of the study. To get a general overview over the patient’s general health status, relevant medical data (ie, diabetes-related diseases) was extracted from the patient’s medical history. Moreover, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were monitored throughout the study.

Patients with type 1 diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes were eligible if they had been treated with insulin for at least 6 months prior to enrollment. Key inclusion criteria were a glycated hemoglobin level of 7.5% or more, and a good knowledge of SMBG plus regular blood glucose metering for at least 6 months or longer before inclusion. Key exclusion criteria included known diabetes mellitus without insulin treatment, febrile diseases upon enrolment and/or gastric resection, or any sort of pancreas condition (chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, total pancreatectomy, hemochromatosis or cystic fibrosis). Endocrine disorders such as hypercortisolism, hyperthyroidism, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s disease, pheochromocytoma, acromegaly, Conn syndrome or glucagonoma, or cortisone therapy precluded patient recruitment. Under age (<18 years old), pregnant or breast-feeding patients were also excluded from participation in the study.

Patients provided their information/data during their regular care visits to the recruitment centers: At baseline, where they provided informed consent on trial participation and two further visits 3 and 6 months after study initiation. In addition, patients were instructed on meter use and their personal glucose targets established with their health care provider.

In each visit, patients were questioned about SMBG frequency and biological parameters like HbA1c and blood glucose, among others, were evaluated for further comparison. As data were extracted from routine patient visits, there was no extra requirement to analyze any biological parameter such as lipids or else. Patients were also asked to fill out a validated Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) consisting on 16 distinct questions on various points,²⁴ to assess the possible changes to their disease self-management brought about by the intervention, that is, by use of the OneTouch meter in their daily SMBG routines. DSMQ subscales (“Glucose Management,” questions 1, 4, 6, 10, 12; “Dietary Control,” questions 2, 5, 9, 13; “Physical Activity,” questions 8, 11, 15; “Health-Care Use,” questions 3, 7, 14) scores were calculated according to Schmitt et al.²⁴ A total score “Sum Score” including all DSMQ questions and representative of overall DSM was also calculated as in Schmitt et al.²⁴

Moreover, in the follow-up visits at 3 and 6 months after trial launch, patients and diabetes educators at the recruitment sites were asked to submit further satisfaction evaluations by filling out a short binary (yes/no) questionnaire. A description on the content of the three questionnaires can be found in Table 1.

Table 1.

Contents of the DSMQ, Diabetes Educators, and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaires.

Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ)
The following statements describe self-care activities related to your diabetes. Thinking about your self-care over the last 8 weeks, please specify the extent to which each statement applies to you.		Applies to me very much	Applies to me to a considerable degree	Applies to me to some degree	Does not apply to me
1.	I check my blood sugar levels with care and attention.	□3	□2	□1	□0
2.	The food I choose to eat makes it easy to achieve optimal blood sugar levels.	□3	□2	□1	□0
3.	I keep all doctors’ appointments recommended for my diabetes treatment.	□3	□2	□1	□0
4.	I take my diabetes medication (eg, insulin, tablets) as prescribed.	□3	□2	□1	□0
5.	Occasionally I eat lots of sweets or other foods rich in carbohydrates.	□3	□2	□1	□0
6.	I record my blood sugar levels regularly (or analyze the value chart with my blood glucose meter).	□3	□2	□1	□0
7.	I tend to avoid diabetes-related doctors’ appointments.	□3	□2	□1	□0
8.	I do regular physical activity to achieve optimal blood sugar levels.	□3	□2	□1	□0
9.	I strictly follow the dietary recommendations given by my doctor or diabetes specialist.	□3	□2	□1	□0
10.	I do not check my blood sugar levels frequently enough as would be required for achieving good blood glucose control.	□3	□2	□1	□0
11.	I avoid physical activity, although it would improve my diabetes.	□3	□2	□1	□0
12.	I tend to forget to take or skip my diabetes medication (eg, insulin, tablets).	□3	□2	□1	□0
13.	Sometimes I have real “food binges” (not triggered by hypoglycemia).	□3	□2	□1	□0
14.	Regarding my diabetes care, I should see my medical practitioner(s) more often.	□3	□2	□1	□0
15.	I tend to skip planned physical activity.	□3	□2	□1	□0
16.	My diabetes self-care is poor.	□3	□2	□1	□0
Diabetes Educators Satisfaction Questionnaire
Please specify the extent of agreement with each statement.			Yes	No
1.	I believe the color-cue on the Range Indicators offers patients ability to instantly see where they are in their personal glucose range.		□1	□0
2.	I believe the instant messages displayed on the meter will provide my patients with timely feedback so they can take immediate action, if needed.		□1	□0
3.	I believe the using the OneTouch Verio will help my patients feel more engaged in their diabetes care.		□1	□0
Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire
Please specify the extent of agreement with each statement.			Yes	No
1.	Without any extra effort, it lets me know if my results are in or out of range.		□1	□0
2.	Gives me useful information about my results without extra effort.		□1	□0
3.	Helps me to better understand my results so I can make better decisions.		□1	□0
4.	The automatic 7-day average makes it easy to see how I am doing over time.		□1	□0
5.	Does the color-coded range indicator help to understand the results?		□1	□0
6.	Are the progress notes and the in-range results a better motivation for the implementation?		□1	□0

Target criteria for the observational study include changes in subjective perceptions regarding diabetes management as well as changes in laboratory parameters. The primary endpoint was the DSMQ “Sum Score.” It was analyzed in 136 patients, in whom the DSMQ was obtained at all three visits. The analysis of the DSMQ subscales was part of secondary endpoints. The additional important secondary endpoint was changes to HbA1c levels.

Data were gathered by the site investigators, and transmitted for analysis to Sciarc GmbH. Statistical analysis of results was performed with the SPSS software package. For continuous variables, as well as for the analysis of DSMQ Scores, a Friedman Test corrected for multiple comparisons (post hoc Nemenyi test) was used; P values refer to differences between baseline, 3 months and 6 months. For binary variable analysis a McNemar test was used.

Results

From July 2015 until January 2016, a total of 193 patients were screened and enrolled in the study; of these patients, 150 (77.7%) attended the last follow-up visit at an investigator site.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients at baseline are summarized in Table 2. Average age was 60 years old and 106 (54.9%) were male. 172 (89.1%) were patients with T2DM under insulin treatment, while the rest were patients with T1DM. The overall mean diabetes duration was 13.7 years, and the mean glycated hemoglobin level was 8.68%. At baseline, the average SMBG reported frequency was over three times a day (3.34 ± 1.49). Insulin therapy at baseline consisted on average of 67.8 ± 48.7 (IE) per day, where 49.6 ± 36.6 IE corresponded to postmeal insulin and a further 30.5 ± 15.9 IE to basal insulin. Furthermore, nearly 60% of patients received metformin; other antidiabetic medications, like GLP-1 RA or DPP-4 inhibitors were also part of the standard diabetes therapy, but were used by far less patients as metformin (13.4 and 12%, respectively). In association with a study population with a majority of T2DM, patients were on average overweight as demonstrated by average BMI (29.3 ± 5.78).

Table 2.

Baseline Characteristics of Patients Enrolled in the Study.

Characteristic	Mean ± SD	Total (N)
Age (year)	60.4 ± 12.2	193
Male sex (number, %)	106 (54.9)	193
Body weight (kg)	94.3 ± 19.9	117
BMI	29.3 ± 5.78	113
T2DM treated with insulin (number, %)	172 (89.1)	193
T1DM (number, %)	21 (10.9)	193
Diabetes duration (year)	13.7 ± 8.82	181
HbA1c (%)	8.68 ± 1.18	193
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	179 ± 55.8	41
SMBG/day (number)	3.34 ± 1.49	134
Lipid status
HDL (mg/dl)	46.4 ± 14.3	56
LDL (mg/dl)	123 ± 46.8	56
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	200 ± 112	56
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	198 ± 56.9	56
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	139 ± 18.3	141
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	83.2 ± 10.3	141
Antidiabetic medication
Insulin/day (IE)	67.8 ± 48.7	126
Postmeal insulin/day (IE)	49.6 ± 36.6	101
Basal insulin/day (IE)	30.5 ± 15.9	122
GLP-1 analogue (number, %)	26 (13.4)	193
Metformin (number, %)	105 (55.9)	188
Sulphonylurea (number, %)	13 (6.73)	193
DPP-4 inhibitor (number, %)	23 (11.9)	193
SGLT-2 inhibitor (number, %)	15 (7.77)	193
Glitazone (number, %)	0 (0)	193
Concomitant diseases
Polyneuropathy (number, %)	73 (46.8)	156
Foot syndrome (number, %)	19 (12.2)	156
Nephropathy (number, %)	36 (23.1)	156
Retinopathy (number, %)	18 (11.5)	156
Hypertension (number, %)	138 (73.8)	187
Hyperlipidemia (number, %)	113 (60.1)	188
Proteinuria (number, %)	62 (36.3)	171
Microalbuminuria (number, %)	54 (31.8)	171
Macroalbuminuria (number, %)	10 (5.95)	171

As expected from patients with a relatively long disease duration, many patients suffered from diabetes-related microvascular ailments such as polyneuropathy (46.8%), foot syndrome (12.2%), retinopathy (11.5%) or nephropathy (23.1%). In association with renal damage, 36.3% of enrolled patients suffered from proteinuria (31.8% microalbuminuria; 5.95% macroalbuminuria). The lipid status of patients at enrollment showed hyperlipidemia in 60.1% of cases, with average total cholesterol levels of 198 ± 56.9 mg/dl, and triglyceride, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels within healthy limits but nearly out of range (Table 2). Since high blood pressure is associated with diabetes, hypertension was also found in almost 74% of enrolled patients, with an average systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 139 ± 18.3 mmHg and 83.2 ± 10.3 mmHg, respectively.

In terms of primary end-point assessment, the analysis of the changes in response patterns from patients to the DSMQ over the course of the study showed a significant improvement of the “Sum Score” (P = .039) observed at the end of the observation period. It also provides evidence supporting the overall improvement of patient self-management (Table 3). In certain patient attitudes toward diabetes management, as shown from the significant changes to 3 specific questions, namely: questions Q2 (P < .001), Q9 (P = .001) and question Q16 (P = .0046). The first two related to nutrition habits while the last one is a summary question reflecting overall satisfaction with own diabetes management. Moreover, shifting the focus to the subscale analysis, the same pattern of increased conscientiousness toward nutrition could be observed from the significant change to the subscale “Dietary Control” score (P = .004) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Differences in DSMQ Scores for the Different Subscales and Total Score at All Time Points.

DSMQ subscales	Score (n = 136)	P value
Glucose Management	7.85 ± 1.78	.612
	8.06 ± 1.63
	7.94 ± 1.70
Dietary Control	5.75 ± 1.84	.004
	6.16 ± 1.72
	6.22 ± 1.6
Physical Activity	6.00 ± 2.28	.174
	6.28 ± 2.25
	6.10 ± 2.28
Health-Care Use	8.20 ± 2.08	.639
	8.36 ± 1.83
	8.07 ± 2.07
Sum Scale	6.94 ± 1.43	.039
	7.21 ± 1.36
	7.13 ± 1.36

Data from patients present at all study visits (136 out of 193 recruited for the study).

Over the course of the study, there was a significant improvement of glycemic control as shown by the decrease both in HbA1c (P < .0001), that went from 8.7% at baseline to 8.13% after 3 months (P < .0001) and to 7.99% after 6 months; and fasting glucose levels (P = .0073), decreasing from 179 to 152 mg/dl (3-months) and to 147 mg/dl over the whole duration of the trial (Table 4).

Table 4.

Secondary Biological Outcomes.

Characteristic	Baseline, mean ± SD	3 months, mean ± SD	6 months, mean ± SD	P value	N (all time points)
Weight (kg)	94.3 ± 19.9	94.4 ± 20.0	94.2 ± 20.3	.6648	117
BMI	29.3 ± 5.78	29.3 ± 5.84	29.2 ± 5.90	.6684	117
HbA1c (%)	8.68 ± 1.18	8.13 ± 1.02	7.99 ± 1.09	<.0001	143
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	179 ± 55.8	152 ± 46.6	147 ± 46.5	.0073	41
SMBG/day	3.34 ± 1.49	3.62 ± 1.42	3.84 ± 5.39	.045	134
HDL (mg/dl)	46.4 ± 14.3	46.8 ± 14.6	46.8 ± 14.9	.6082	56
LDL (mg/dl)	123 ± 46.8	116 ± 44.2	120 ± 43.3	.2854	56
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	200 ± 112	197 ± 102	188 ± 86.6	.5277	54
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	198 ± 56.9	187 ± 48.3	193 ± 46.4	.0611	56
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	139 ± 18.3	138 ± 18.5	139 ± 19.1	.6165	141
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	83.2 ± 10.3	82.3 ± 10.1	82.5 ± 11.3	.4157	141

Other parameters such as BMI or body weight did not change over the course of the study, nor did the average blood pressure or the overall lipid status of study participants (Table 4), even when a tendency toward improved total cholesterol levels could be detected (198 ± 56.9 to 193 ± 46.4 mg/dl; P = .0611).

SMBG frequency did also significantly increase during the intervention, demonstrating an increase of one more time a day to a total of nearly 4 times a day after 6 months (P < .05). Moreover, insulin therapy underwent significant changes over the study period, with progressively increasing doses in basal (30.5 ± 15.9 to 33.8 ± 17.4, P < .0001), postmeal (49.6 ± 36.6 to 52.7 ± 36.5, P < .0001), and total daily administration (67.8 ± 48.7 to 74.0 ± 49.1, P < .0001) (Table 5).

Table 5.

Changes in Insulin Regimens.

Insulin	Baseline, mean ± SD	3 months, mean ± SD	6 months, mean ± SD	P value	N (all time points)
Insulin/day (IE)	67.8 ± 48.7	72.4 ± 48.8	74.0 ± 49.1	<.0001	126
Postmeal insulin/day (IE)	49.6 ± 36.6	52.6 ± 37.0	52.7 ± 36.5	<.0001	101
Basal insulin/day (IE)	30.5 ± 15.9	31.8 ± 15.8	33.8 ± 17.4	<.0001	122

Three and six months after trial launch, both diabetes educators and the patients themselves believed, with between 72.3% to 96.2% agreement to the different satisfaction statements, that the use of the color coded SMBG meter OneTouch was helpful for DSM (Tables 6 and 7) .

Table 6.

Diabetes Educators’ Satisfaction With OneTouch Verio After 3/6 months.

Diabetes Educators Questionnaire	Ranking (number, %)		N
Diabetes Educators Questionnaire	Yes (1)	No (0)	N
I believe the color-cue on the Range Indicators offers patients ability to instantly see where they are in their personal glucose range.	144 (90.0)	16 (10.0)	160
	137 (94.5)	8 (5.5)	145
I believe the instant messages displayed on the meter will provide my patients with timely feedback so they can take immediate action, if needed.	134 (83.8)	26 (16.2)	160
	131 (90.3)	14 (3.66)	145
I believe the using the OneTouch Verio will help my patients feel more engaged in their diabetes care.	115 (72.3)	44 (27.7)	159
	118 (81.4)	27 (18.6)	145

3 Month 6 Month

Table 7.

Patients’ Satisfaction With OneTouch Verio After 3/6 months.

Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire	Ranking (number, %)		N
Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire	Yes (1)	No (0)	N
Without any extra effort, it lets me know if my results are in or out of range.	151 (96.2)	6 (3.82)	157
	135 (94.4)	9 (5.5)	144
Gives me useful information about my results without extra effort.	151 (95.6)	7 (4.43)	158
	136 (94.4)	8 (5.5)	144
Helps me to better understand my results so I can make better decisions.	139 (88.5)	18 (11.5)	157
	133 (92.4)	11 (7.64)	144
The automatic 7-day average makes it easy to see how I am doing over time.	124 (81.0)	29 (19.0)	153
	129 (89.6)	15 (10.4)	144
Does the color-coded range indicator help to understand the results?	142 (90.4)	15 (9.55)	157
	132 (93.0)	10 (7.0)	142
Are the progress notes and the in-range results a better motivation for the implementation?	136 (86.1)	22 (13.9)	158
	126 (88.1)	17 (11.9)	143

3 Month 6 Month

Discussion

In this observational study, we could show that OneTouch, a color-coded display SMBG meter with extended functionality,²¹ has significant effects on DSM during and after system implementation in real-life settings, and were able to demonstrate its effects on glycemic control.

The analysis of self-reported disease management via DSMQ, showed a significantly improved subjective perception on the quality of their personal diabetes management (“Sum Scale,” P = .039; Q16, P = .0046); which was also shown both at the level of single questions and subscales, with a significant change in lifestyle attitudes (nutrition score: P = .004; Q2, P < .001, Q9, P = .001).

When asked about the influence of using the OneTouch meter in their DSM, both patients and diabetes educators agreed (72.3-96.2% assent) on its positive effects and usefulness for therapy adaptation. This self-reported improved diabetes management due to the use of the OneTouch meter over a continuous period of 6 months could have been the reason for the significant decrease of HbA1c levels (P < .0001) and fasting blood glucose (P = .0073) observed at the end of the study period. It is likely that the positive feed-back of the meter with its color signals and supporting comments motivated the patients to improve on their food habits as well as on adherence to the insulin therapy.

This improved self-management is also reflected by the significant change in blood glucose measurements/day observed after 6 months (P < .05) and, accordingly, by a better insulin therapy adaptation, as shown by the significant (P < .0001) increase in daily insulin dosing, be it total dose, basal, or postmeal injection. All in all, these data beg suggest the benefits of the device on the improved DSM and therefore on glycemic control.

No significant changes to body weight/BMI or other biological variables were observed over the span of the study, which could be explained due to the relative short duration of the trial for achievement of noticeable changes in certain parameters such as blood pressure or lipid status, even when a general tendency toward better total cholesterol levels was observed (P = .0611). Another possible explanation could be that the improvement in DSM is yet to reach the levels necessary to drive further metabolic changes. Further evaluation of long-term results of SMBG with the meter are necessary to either confirm or deny this possibility.

SMBG is recognized as a valuable tool for diabetes management, having been demonstrated to help patients achieve better biological outcomes,^3-6,13,25-29 and to increase their disease self-awareness and improve on their management strategies, both at a clinical and lifestyle levels.^{3,7-11,13,30-34} The results of this 6-month observational study show that SMBG via OneTouch blood glucose meter, with its characteristics, including its color-coded display and easy-to-understand results, contributes to helping not only to improve glycemic control but also to may lead to a better disease self-management.

Despite the positive results of the study, it is important to remember that as an observational study, patients were not blinded to study intervention, and we cannot disregard the possibility of certain study-related effects that might have influenced patient compliance, for instance. On the other hand, as such there is no control group therefore we cannot establish if OneTouch is better in achieving glycemic control and improving self-diabetes management than other devices, but this study confirms that it can effectively help achieve these goals.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this medium-term, real-life study demonstrates that OneTouch® Verio® assisted SMBG leads not only to a significant improvement in glycemic control, but also to a significant improvement in DSM.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We thank all the patients, investigators, and trial-site staff members involved in the trial, as well as M Koetzner-Schmidt for organizational support.

Abbreviations

BMI, body mass index; DPP-4, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4; DSM, diabetes self-management; DSMQ, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like-peptide 1 receptor agonist; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; Q, question; SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose; T1/2DM, type 1/2 diabetes mellitus.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: All the authors had confidential access to the final trial results and actively contributed to manuscript preparation. OS and MH were responsible for study design. A working group including the first and fourth authors wrote the first draft of the manuscript, which was revised and approved by all the authors, who made the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The authors assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the data. Editorial support was funded by the sponsor. OS has acted as member of advisory boards and/or given lectures under support from Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer Healthcare, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi; and is CEO and founder of Sciarc GmbH. GK and MH have no conflicts of interest. BG is an employee of Johnson & Johnson GmbH.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Study was supported by LifeScan, Johnson & Johnson Medical GmbH.

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Impact on Diabetes Self-Management and Glycemic Control of a New Color-Based SMBG Meter

Abstract

Background:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Keywords

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

References