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Abstract

Importance

Previous work demonstrated postoperative hypothyroidism adversely affects wound healing in salvage laryngectomy. Currently, no studies have evaluated the association between wound healing and hypothyroidism in patients undergoing salvage oropharyngectomy.

Objective

The primary objective was studying hypothyroidism and other factors associated with oropharyngocutaneous fistula development and fistula requiring reoperation within 30 days after salvage oropharyngectomy.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary academic center.

Participants

All patients who underwent salvage oropharyngectomy for recurrent or second primary oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2001 and 2017 after radiation or chemoradiation. Patients with no preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were excluded.

Exposures

Salvage oropharyngectomy for recurrent or second primary oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Main Outcomes Measures

The principle explanatory variable was postoperative hypothyroidism, defined as TSH greater than 5.5 mIU/L. Univariate, bivariate, and binary logistical regression multivariate analysis was performed.

Results

Fifty-three patients met inclusion criteria, 37.7% of patients developed hypothyroidism, 18.9% developed a fistula, and 9.4% required an operation to manage the fistula. Postoperative fistula rate was 35% among hypothyroid patients, which was significantly greater than among euthyroid patients (9.1%; P = .03). A fistula requiring reoperation occurred in 20% of hypothyroid patients compared with that of euthyroid patients (3%; P = .061). In a multivariate analysis, postoperative hypothyroid patients were at a 9.5-fold increased risk of developing a fistula [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-57.0, P = .013]. Additionally, postoperative hypothyroid patients were at 13.6-fold increased risk for development of a fistula requiring reoperation (95% CI 1.2-160.5, P = .038).

Conclusions and Relevance

Postoperative hypothyroidism in patients who underwent salvage oropharyngectomy can predict fistula development and fistula requiring operative management. This study supports the treatment of hypothyroidism after surgery to reduce wound complications.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

head and neck cancer salvage surgery salvage oropharyngectomy hypothyroidism wound healing fistula

Introduction

Squamous cell cancer (SCC) of the oropharynx has a significant disease burden, with an incidence of 18.1 and 6.5 cases per 100,000 men and women, respectively, in the United States.¹ While the incidence of head and neck cancer located at most oral sites is marginally decreasing due to reduced exposure to tobacco and alcohol, the incidence of oropharyngeal carcinomas is increasing.^2,3 The increased incidence is being driven by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, which is currently higher than that of HPV-associated cervical carcinoma.^4,5

In patients for whom primary resection is not an option or those who desire functional-organ-preserving therapy, radiation therapy (RT), and chemoradiation therapy (CRT) provide a valid treatment option.^6,7 Unfortunately, up to 20% of patients treated for oropharyngeal SCC with RT or CRT experience treatment failure and subsequent recurrence.^8,9 In this patient population, salvage surgical management has been demonstrated to provide improved survival compared with nonsurgical management.¹⁰

Fistula development following head and neck surgery is a serious postoperative complication that is associated with increased morbidity, length of hospitalization, and wound-related death.^11-14 Oro- and/or pharyngo-cutaneous fistulas have been reported in approximately 10% to 20% of postoperative head and neck cancer patients.^15-18 Patients with prior RT or CRT are at increased risk of postoperative wound complications due to the effects of the prior treatment on the local structures and environment.¹⁹ Additionally, patients who have received external beam RT to the head and neck are at increased risk of developing posttreatment hypothyroidism, with incidences of up to 48% in patients who received treatment for oropharyngeal malignancies.^20-22

Hypothyroidism has been demonstrated to contribute to poor wound healing and increased risk of fistula development.²³ Spontaneous closure of persistent fistulas after thyroid hormone replacement therapy has been reported, and persistent fistulas have been correlated with ongoing hypothyroidism.^24-26 Recent work from our institution demonstrated that postoperative hypothyroidism independently predicted wound-healing complications, including fistula development and fistula formation which required operative management in patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy.²⁷ To date, however, this association has not been studied in patients undergoing salvage surgical management for SCC within the oropharynx. We hypothesize that patients who develop hypothyroidism in the immediate postoperative period following salvage oropharyngectomy will have an increased risk of fistula formation.

Methods

Study Design/Institutional Review Board

An institutional review board (IRB)–approved (University of Michigan IRB HUM00152046) single-institution retrospective case series was performed using a database of patients treated with primary radiation or chemoradiation, who developed recurrent or second primary SCC of the oropharynx requiring salvage surgery. We defined oropharyngeal tumors as those from the 4 common subsites of base of tongue, palatine tonsils, tonsillar pillars, and pharyngeal wall. Adult patients who underwent salvage surgical treatment for persistent or recurrent oropharyngeal SCC after RT or CRT failure between 2001 and 2017 at the University of Michigan were enrolled in the study (n = 94). As postoperative hypothyroidism was the principal explanatory variable, patients with no preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were excluded from this study. All patients who were not biochemically euthyroid preoperatively were also excluded.

Demographics, initial and recurrent clinical T classification and N classification, primary treatment method, neck dissection, pathologic recurrent T and N classification, and preoperative synthroid use were tabulated. Patients were staged in accordance with the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System. Levels of TSH were collected pre- and postoperatively. Patients were classified as hypothyroid if a 7-day postoperative TSH level was greater than 5.5 mIU/L, the lab value cutoff used by our institution to define hypothyroidism. Primary end points of the study were fistula formation within 30 days postoperatively and fistula formation that required operative management during the same period.

Statistical Analysis

Univariate analysis was performed and bivariate associations between clinical variables were tested with nonparametric tests (Fisher’s exact test, χ² test with Monte Carlo estimates for error terms). The development of hypothyroidism was evaluated using bivariate analysis, and variables with a P-value of less than .1 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate model. The development of fistula and fistula needing reoperation were also evaluated. Bivariate analysis was performed, and variables with a P value lower than .1 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. Variables that were previously predictive in our cohort and in previous studies were also included in the model. Multivariate analysis was performed using a Backward Wald logistic regression model. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed using the SPSS version 26 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Study Population

Ninety-four patients who underwent salvage oropharyngectomy for recurrent oropharyngeal carcinoma at the University of Michigan Hospital System between September 1998 and March 2017 were identified. Of this original cohort, 41 patients were excluded, due to lack of postoperative TSH values. The final cohort of 53 patients had an average age of 63 years and a mean time to recurrence of 4.7 ± 4.6 years (Table 1). The majority of patients were male (71.7%) and reported either former (62.3%) or current (20.8%) tobacco use. Initial treatment was limited to RT in (35.8%) of patients and the remaining (64.2%) were treated with CRT. At the time of recurrence, most tumors were classified as advanced T-stage (65.3%) or advanced overall stage (69.8%).

Table 1.

Patient Cohort Demographics.

Patient Demographics	No fistula (n = 43) count (%)	Fistula (n = 10) count (%)	All (n = 53) count (%)	P value
Age
Mean (years)	63.7 ± 8.9	60.6 ± ± 7.9	63.0 ± 8.7	.313
Sex
Male	30 (69.8%)	8 (80%)	38 (71.7%)	.71
Female	13 (30.2%)	2 (20%)	15 (28.3%)
Tobacco
Never	6 (14%)	2 (20%)	8 (15.1%)
Former	28 (65.1%)	5 (50%)	33 (62.3%)	.30
Current	8 (18.6%)	3 (30%)	11 (20.8%)
Unavailable	1 (2.3%)	0	1 (1.9%)
ETOH
No	27 (62.7%)	8 (80%)	35 (66%)
Yes	10 (23.3%)	1(10%)	11 (20.8%)	.56
Unavailable	6 (14%)	1 (10%)	7 (13.2%)
HPV
Negative	11 (25.6%)	1 (10%)	12 (22.6%)	.119
Positive	10 (23.2%)	5 (50%)	15 (28.3%)
Unavailable	22 (51.2%)	4 (40%)	26 (49.1%)
BMI
Mean	24.4 ± 4.8	25.4 ± 7.1	24.6 ± 5.24	.59
Initial radiation
Definitive	34	8	42 (79.2%)	.91
Adjunctive	9	2	11 (20.8%)
Initial chemotherapy
No	15 (34.9%)	4 (40%)	19 (35.8%)	1.0
Yes	28 (65.1%)	6 (60%)	34 (64.2%)
Primary neck dissection
No	27 (62.8%)	4 (40%)	31 (58.5%)	.45
Yes	16 (37.2%)	6 (60%)	22 (41.5%)
Primary neck dissection on side of recurrence
No	29 (67.4%)	6 (60%)	35 (66.0%)
Yes	14 (32.6%)	4 (40%)	18 (34.0%)	.72
Time to recurrence
Mean (years)	5.0 ± 5	3.5 ± 2.7	4.7 ± 4.6	.37
Resection sites
Oropharyngectomy alone	16 (37.2%)	3 (30%)	19 (35.8%)	.88
Additional partial/total glossectomy	13 (30.2%)	3 (30%)	16 (30.2%)
Additional laryngectomy	14 (32.6%)	4 (40%)	18 (34%)
Free flap
No	9 (20.9%)	5 (50%)	14 (26.4%)	.10
Yes	34 (79.1%)	5 (50%)	39 (73.6%)
Recurrence T classification
T1	9 (20.9%)	1 (10%)	10 (18.9%)
T2	4 (9.3%)	2 (20%)	6 (11.3%)	.72
T3	4 (9.3%)	1 (10%)	5 (9.4%)
T4	26 (60.55%)	6 (60%)	32 (60.4%)
Recurrence N classification
N0	28 (65.1%)	6 (60%)	34 (64.2%)
N1	12 (27.9%)	2 (20%)	14 (26.4%)	.31
N2	3 (7%)	1 (10%)	4 (7.6%)
N3	0	1 (10%)	1 (1.9%)
Recurrence stage
1	10 (23.2%)	2 (20%)	12 (22.7%)
2	3 (7%)	1 (10%)	4 (7.5%)	.49
3	4 (9.3%)	1 (10%)	5 (9.4%)
4	26 (60.5%)	6 (60%)	32 (60.4%)

Abbreviations: HPV, human papilloma virus; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine.

Nineteen patients (35.8%) required oropharyngectomy alone. While the rest of patients required greater resection, including additional subtotal or total glossectomy (30.2%) or laryngectomy (34.0%). Bone resection was required in 8 patients (15.1%). A vascularized free flap was used for reconstruction in 39 patients (73.6%), local or rotational flap in 13 patients (24.5%), and primary closure in the remaining 1 patient (1.9%). When comparing patients that developed a fistula with those that did not, there was no significant difference in demographics, primary treatment, staging, surgical resection, or free-flap reconstruction (Table 1).

Risk Factors for Postoperative Hypothyroidism

All 53 patients (100%) were biochemically euthyroid preoperatively, although 18 patients (34.0%) were taking thyroid hormone supplementation for a history of hypothyroidism. Postoperatively, 20 patients (37.7%) were hypothyroid, as evidenced by an elevated TSH. Eleven of the 20 postoperative hypothyroid patients were taking preoperative thyroid supplementation. Preoperative thyroid supplementation and primary cancer site were the only predictive factors of postoperative hypothyroidism in bivariate analysis, with a (P = .017) and (P = .004), respectively. Recurrent advanced disease and treatment with CRT were also included in the multivariate logistic model as they have historic predictive value.²⁷ In the model, preoperative thyroid supplementation [odds ratio (OR) 5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-21.8; P = .026] and primary cancer site (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.7-25.2; P = .007) were predictive of postoperative hypothyroidism. Recurrent advanced disease (OR 2.6, 95% CI 0.5-13.4; P = .248) and treatment with CRT (OR 2.2, 95% CI 0.5-10.0; P = .3) remained insignificant (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Factors affecting postoperative hypothyroidism. Multivariate analysis of hypothyroidism development within 30 days postoperatively, with a 95% confidence interval.

Fistula and Hypothyroidism

The overall oropharyngocutaneous fistula rate in our cohort was 18.9%. In total, 5 patients (9.4%) required a reoperation to manage the fistula. Among the postoperatively-hypothyroid patients, 7 patients (35%) developed a fistula compared with only 3 patients (9.1%) of postoperatively-euthyroid patients (P = .03). Four postoperatively-hypothyroid patients (20%) developed a fistula requiring reoperation, compared with 1 euthyroid patient (3.0%; P = .061) (Figure 2). Importantly, we observed no significant difference in rates of fistula formation in patients undergoing oropharyngectomy compared with those undergoing oropharyngectomy with laryngectomy (35.8% and 34%, respectively, P = .9).

Figure 2.

Postoperative hypothyroidism and fistula formation. Bivariate analysis of fistula and reoperation for patients with postoperative hypothyroidism compared with those for euthyroid patients.

Only postoperative hypothyroidism was predictive for developing postoperative fistula (Table 2). Our multivariate logistic regression model also included primary tumor site, preoperative synthroid treatment, and CRT treatment, as these were significant in prior analysis and potentially help explain the model. In the regression model, patients who experienced postoperative hypothyroidism were at a 9.5-fold increased risk of developing a fistula (95% CI 1.6-57.0, P = .01). All other variables were not significant (Figure 3A).

Table 2.

Multivariate Model of Factors Affecting Fistula Development and Reoperation.

Factors	Odds Ratio	P Value	95% CI for Exp(B)
Factors	Odds Ratio	P Value	Lower	Upper
Fistula development
Postoperative hypothyroidism	9.560	.013*	1.600	57.123
CRT	0.523	.445	0.099	2.755
Primary site in oropharynx	0.659	.647	0.111	3.923
Preoperative synthroid treatment	0.345	.247	0.057	2.096
Fistula needing reoperation
Postoperative hypothyroidism	13.653	.038*	1.161	160.505
CRT	219,756,404.000	.998	0.000	x
Primary site in oropharynx	1.018	.988	0.097	10.716
Preoperative synthroid treatment	0.245	.327	0.015	4.062

x: This variable did not have any members in one of the comparison groups, and upper CI was unmeasurable.

Abbreviations: B, constant coefficient; CI, confidence interval; CRT, chemoradiation therapy; Exp(B), exponentiation of the B coefficient/odds ratio.

P < .05.

Figure 3.

(A) Factors affecting fistula development. (B) Factors affecting fistula needing reoperation. Multivariate analysis of fistula and fistula needing reoperation with a 95% confidence interval.

Only postoperative hypothyroidism was predictive for developing a fistula requiring reoperation (Table 2). However, primary tumor site, preoperative thyroid hormone therapy, and prior chemotherapy were included in the multivariate logistical regression model. In the regression model, postoperative hypothyroid patients were at 13.6-fold increased risk of developing a fistula requiring reoperation (95% CI 1.2-160.5, P = .04). All other variables were not significant (Figure 3B).

Discussion

As the incidence of HPV-associated oropharyngeal SCC continues to rise, a greater number of patients are being treated primarily with RT or CRT. These patients are at increased risk of wound complications if salvage surgical therapy is required for recurrence. Here, we report a fistula rate of 18.9% in patients undergoing salvage oropharyngectomy. Do et al reported a similar rate of 21.4% in patients treated with salvage surgery and a fistula rate of 13.3% following primary oropharyngectomy.¹⁵ Notably, the rates of fistula formation following salvage oropharyngectomy are considerably lower than those for salvage laryngectomy, which have been reported at 35% at our institution.²⁷

Rosko et al identified postoperative hypothyroidism as a modifiable risk factor for fistula development following salvage laryngectomy.²⁷ Our current work builds upon those data and further supports that hypothyroidism is a modifiable risk factor for postoperative complications, including fistula formation and fistula requiring operative management, following salvage oropharyngeal surgery for head and neck malignancies. In their study, Rosko et al reported postoperative hypothyroidism in approximately 50% of patients following salvage laryngectomy.²⁷ Here, we report lower rates of hypothyroidism (37.7%) following salvage oropharyngectomy. This discrepancy is often explained by surgical technique, as a total laryngectomy often necessitates transection and/or removal of the thyroid gland.²⁸ However, this is not supported by our data wherein the rate of hypothyroidism in the postoperative period was not significantly different for patients who underwent a pharyngolaryngectomy (50%) compared with those whose operation did not involve the larynx (31.4%; P = .18). In our study, patients with primary tumors outside of the oropharynx were more at risk of postoperative hypothyroidism (P = .007), likely resulting from greater radiation focused on the neck and thyroid.

In this study, hypothyroidism was the only predictive factor in relation to fistula development and fistula needing reoperation. While vascularized tissue reconstruction has been shown to reduce fistula rates, we were not able to analyze its influence because all but 1 patient received reconstruction. This study helps emphasize the risk of hypothyroidism on fistula development, which is a modifiable risk factor and should be an important consideration for those aiming to improve high rates of pharyngocutaneous fistula or potentially other surgical wounds.

We acknowledge one of the weaknesses of our study is not obtaining triiodothyronine/thyroxine (T3/T4) values. It is possible that some patients were included with elevated TSH and normal T3/T4 indicating subclinical hypothyroidism. There is also some debate about whether TSH is an acute phase reactant and expected to rise in the postoperative period or in a developing fistula.²⁹ However, prior head and neck studies have demonstrated that TSH is only elevated in select surgical cases, and not consistent with an acute phase reactant.^22,30-32 Those studies show how TSH elevation is dependent on specific surgical operations and adjuvant radiation.³⁰ A recent prospective trial by Heft-Neal et al³³ demonstrates that acute phase reactants such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are relatively stable after salvage laryngectomy and that TSH is increased in patients with wound complications rather than decreased as might be expected in those with an acute illness. Other studies suggest TSH could be the preferred test, as it can detect mild (subclinical) degrees of thyroid hormone excess or deficiency.^34,35 In Rosko et al, they demonstrated a linear relationship between increasing TSH and fistula development, potentiating the idea that subclinical hypothyroidism may still increase fistula risk.²⁷ Additional studies in the field of orthopedics also show evidence that subclinical hypothyroidism can impact wound healing³⁶ and treatment could be considered.³⁷ The recent trial by Heft-Neal et al is the first to demonstrate levothyroxine supplementation engendered a significant reduction in fistula and fistula requiring operative intervention after salvage laryngectomy.³³ Our next steps are to evaluate the impact of levothyroxine supplementation on fistula rates after salvage oropharyngectomy.

We suspect physiologically that preoperative euthyroid patients developed hypothyroidism due to surgical disruption of the preradiated and fragile vasculature in the neck. In the nonsalvage setting, paratracheal lymph node dissection has been found to be an independent risk factor for postoperative hypothyroidism, with or without hemi/total thyroidectomy.^30,31 Plaat et al have supported that rates of hypothyroidism are even higher in the salvage head and neck surgery setting.³² This study supports that salvage surgery of the neck likely impacts thyroid function regardless of manipulation of the gland. Our study suggests that thyroid dysfunction after salvage surgery correlates with wound complications. It is likely that T4 or T3 would be more valuable markers of postoperative thyroid function and biochemical hypothyroidism; however, T4/T3 levels and other known acute phase reactants were not routinely monitored in this patient population, nor were comparisons studies completed. In the postoperative period, 5% of patients had a T4 level measured, 2% a T3, and only 2% had either an ESR or CRP level measured. Such is the limitation of a retrospective study. Current prospective studies, which can better evaluate the change in T4/T3 and other acute phase reactions pre- and postoperatively are currently underway at our institution.

Other limitations of this study include its retrospective nature limiting our ability to establish causation. It was also a relatively-small cohort limiting the power of the study, diminishing the utility of logistic regression for variables with small group sizes and creating large CIs. This was exemplified by our inability to evaluate the effect of vascularized tissue reconstruction. There is also the possibility of selection bias, as there was a large cohort of patients without postoperative TSH values not included in this study. The lack of postoperative TSH values was a result of providers either not knowing to order them or because they never order postoperative TSH. The cohort without postoperative TSH values did not have significantly-different demographics, rates of fistula, or fistula needing reoperation (Supplemental Table 1). The treatment of hypothyroidism was also not uniform, and we are not able to evaluate the effect of thyroid replacement. Further research is underway to determine the best acute phase thyroid markers and the most appropriate thyroid replacement protocols.

Conclusion

Postoperative hypothyroidism in patients undergoing salvage oropharyngectomy can predict complications related to wound healing, namely fistula development. Moreover, patients experiencing hypothyroidism are more likely to require operative management after fistula development. These results support previously-published work demonstrating postoperative hypothyroidism was an independent risk factor for fistula development in patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy. This study further supports the role of hypothyroidism management to improve wound healing and reduce postoperative wound complications.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-ohn-10.1177_19160216241296126 – Supplemental material for Hypothyroidism Predicts Fistula Development Following Salvage Oropharyngectomy

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-ohn-10.1177_19160216241296126 for Hypothyroidism Predicts Fistula Development Following Salvage Oropharyngectomy by Andrew D.P. Prince, Zachary M. Huttinger, Molly E. Heft-Neal, Steven B. Chinn, Kelly M. Malloy, Chaz L. Stucken, Keith A. Casper, Mark E.P. Prince, Matthew E. Spector and Andrew J. Rosko in Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

None.

Author Contributions

A.D.P.P.: design, conduct, analysis, and presentation. Z.M.H., M.E.H.-N., S.B.C., K.M.M., C.L.S., K.A.C., M.E.P.P., M.E.S., and A.J.R.: design, conduct, and analysis.

Availability of Data and Materials

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due private information sharing concerns but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

An institutional review board (IRB)–approved (University of Michigan IRB HUM00152046) study was performed ethically.

ORCID iD

Andrew D.P. Prince

Supplemental Material

Additional supporting information is available in the online version of the article.

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