Evolution of Terminal Dues and Remail Provisions in European and International Postal Law

Many documents cited in this article are non-public; post offices and the Universal Postal Union do not generally make public documents relating to terminal dues and remail. Some documents and studies publicly available (even if unpublished) are listed below. The best sources for the acts of the UPU are the obscurely titled but well annotated versions published by the UPU's International Bureau. Annotated texts are published a year or two after the end of each UPU Congress. The “Universal Postal Convention” is an international convention that is revised every five years by the Congress. In the notes in this article, the Convention agreed in the 1979 Congress in Rio de Janeiro, effective 1 January 1981 through 31 December 1984, is referred to as “1979 Conv.” and may be found in the annotated version of the acts published in 1981, listed below. The Constitution of the UPU is a permanent treaty, but it is amended at each Congress; hence, “1994 Const.” refers to the Constitution as amended through the end of the Seoul Congress in 1994. It may be found in Constitution, General Regulations [Etc.] published in 1995. A similar approach is used to refer to other acts of Congress, such as the General Regulations (“Gen. Reg.”) and Detailed Regulations of the Convention (“Conv. Det. Reg.”).

Bruun C. (1993) ‘Nordic Measurements 1991: Service Performance and Terminal Dues Settlement’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) Regulation and the Nature of Postal and Delivery Services, Kluwer, Boston.

Campbell J.I. , Jr. (1999) ‘GATS and Physical Delivery Networks’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) Emerging Competition in Postal and Delivery Industries, Kluwer: Boston.

Campbell J.I. , Jr. (2001) ‘Reforming the Universal Postal Union’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) The Future Directions of Postal Reform, Kluwer, Boston.

Codding G.A. , Jr. (1964) The Universal Postal Union, New York University Press, New York.

Elcano M.S. Alverno A. (2001) ‘Reform in the Universal Postal Union and the World Trade Organization’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) The Future Directions of Postal Reform, Kluwer: Boston.

European Union. Commission of the European Communities (1992) Green Paper on the Development of the Single Market for Postal Services, COM(91)476 Final, European Union, Brussels.

PTT Post (Netherlands), Deutsche Bundespost Postdienst (Germany), and General Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs (Denmark) (1991) Approaches to Pricing for Intra-Community Postal Services (Sept.) (in conjunction with Coopers & Lybrand Deloite).

Reeves T. (2000) ‘An Introduction to EC Competition Rules in the Postal Sector’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) Current Directions in Postal Reform, Kluwer, Boston.

Treworgy D.E. Waddell J.A. (1991) ‘Postal Service and Less Developed Countries’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) Competition and Innovation in Postal Services, Kluwer, Boston.

Smit H. (2001) ‘GATS and the Postal Sector: The Next Round of Negotiations’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) The Future Directions of Postal Reform, Kluwer, Boston.

Stumpf U. (1993) ‘Terminal Dues Reform: Towards a Domestic Tariff Based System’, Wissenschaftliches Institute für Kommunikationsdienste, June.

Stumpf U. (1993) ‘Remailing in the European Community: Economic Analysis of Alternative Regulatory Environments’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) Regulation and the Nature of Postal and Delivery Services, Kluwer, Boston.

Stumpf U. Plum M. (eds) (1998) Towards a New Regulatory Framework for Cross-Border Mail, Wissenschaftliches Institute für Kommunikationsdienste, Bad Honnef.

Universal Postal Union (1981) Acts of the Universal Postal Union: Revised at Rio de Janeiro in 1979 and Annotated by the International Bureau, 3 vols, Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Universal Postal Union (1985) Acts of the Universal Postal Union: Revised at Hamburg in 1984 and Annotated by the International Bureau, 3 vols, Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Universal Postal Union (1991) Annotated Code [Acts of the Universal Postal Union Revised at Washington in 1989], 4 vols, Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Universal Postal Union Constitution, General Regulations [Etc.] (1995) [As revised by the Universal Postal Union at Seoul in 1994 and annotated by the International Bureau], Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Universal Postal Union (1995) Manual of the Universal Postal Convention [Universal Postal Convention as Revised by the Universal Postal Union at Seoul in 1994 and Annotated by the International Bureau], Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Universal Postal Union (1995) Postal Parcels Manual [As Revised by the Universal Postal Union at Seoul in 1994 and Annotated by the International Bureau], Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Universal Postal Union (2001) Constitution, General Regulations, [Etc.] [As Revised by the Universal Postal Union at Beijing in 1999 in Annotated by the International Bureau], Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Universal Postal Union (2001) Letter Post Manual [Universal Postal Convention as Revised by the Universal Postal Union at Beijing in 1999 in Annotated by the International Bureau], Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Universal Postal Union (2001) Parcel Post Manual [Universal Postal Convention as Revised by the Universal Postal Union at Beijing in 1999 in Annotated by the International Bureau], Universal Postal Union, Berne.

Walsh T. (2000) ‘Globalization, Posts, and teh Universal Postal Union: A Functional Critique’, in Crew M. Kleindorfer P. (eds) Current Directions of Postal Reform, Kluwer, Boston.