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Abstract

Introduction

Trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis is associated with more pain and restrictions than other hand osteoarthritis due to the functional importance of the thumb. While the effectiveness of surgical and pharmacological interventions has been widely examined, there is a lack of specific evidence about conservative non-pharmacological trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis therapies. The objective of this systematic review was to provide evidence-based knowledge on the effectiveness of physiotherapy and occupational therapy on pain, function and quality of life.

Methods

A literature search of Medline, CINAHL, PEDro, OTseeker, EMB Dare Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane CENTRAL was performed. Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials and corresponding systematic reviews, observational studies, pragmatic studies and case–control studies were included. The risk of bias was assessed.

Results

Out of 218 studies, 27 were retained. A narrative summary and a series of meta-analyses were performed. Concerning pain reduction, the meta-analysis showed parity of pre-fabricated neoprene and custom-made thermoplastic splints: standardized mean difference (SMD) –0.01 (95%CI −0.43, 0.40) (p=0.95). Multimodal interventions are more effective on pain compared to single interventions: standardized mean difference −3.16 (95%CI −5.56, −0.75) (p = 0.01).

Discussion

Physical and occupational therapy-related interventions, especially multimodal interventions, seem to be effective to treat pain in patients with trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. Pre-fabricated neoprene splints and custom-made thermoplastic splints may reduce pain equally. Single interventions seem not to be effective. Significant evidence for effectiveness on function and quality of life could not be found.

Keywords

Review thumb physiotherapy occupational therapy osteoarthritis

Introduction

The ability to oppose the thumb is made possible primarily by the anatomy and biomechanics of the trapeziometacarpal joint. Its special anatomical shape allows a high degree of mobility, i.e. the freedom to move in all directions. But it may also favor instability which can facilitate osteoarthritis of this joint.¹ Depending on the selected diagnostic criterion (radiological or clinical), the prevalence rates of trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis (TMC OA) may vary between 35.8% (radiological²) to 15% in women and 7% (radiological³) to 1.4%(clinical⁴) in men. This quantitative discrepancy is explained by the fact that radiological findings do not necessarily correlate with clinical findings.² The clinical diagnosis-based prevalence may seem low but because of the important functional significance of the thumb, TMC OA causes, in addition to considerable pain, more significant restrictions in work and everyday life compared to osteoarthritis of other fingers.⁵

The aetiology of TMC OA has yet to be confirmed, and the treatment strategy may be surgical or conservative.⁶ This decision depends on the patient and their complaints. While the results of surgical procedures have been well studied, gaps remain in research regarding the effectiveness of conservative, occupational and physiotherapy treatment interventions in TMC OA patients.

As Davenport⁷ stated, hand therapists use a range of treatment modalities whose efficacy and efficiency need to be examined. Many interventions are based on research evidence on osteoarthritis (OA) affecting other joints or on expert opinion, while evidence for treatment modalities of OA in the TMC joint is still lacking. Despite this lack of evidence, conservative treatment seems beneficial. Berggren et al.⁸ observed a significant reduction in the number of patients requiring surgery after conservative treatment. O'Brien and Giveans⁹ suggested that assessment and treatment by a non-surgical healthcare provider were associated with a decrease in the rate of surgical interventions, underscoring the importance of conservative hand therapy.

Several systematic reviews have examined conservative treatment modalities of hand OA, regardless of the specific joints.^10–13 Two recent systematic reviews have examined specifically TMC OA.^14,15 However, Spaans et al.¹⁴ included pharmacological interventions and neither examined important physiotherapeutic interventions (e.g. exercise therapy) nor differentiated between different types of splints. Bertozzi et al.¹⁵ did not focus solely on treatments for TMC OA but included, in addition, studies on treatment modalities for hand OA in general.¹⁵ Further, both systematic reviews included only randomized controlled studies (RCT) and excluded all studies with another research design. Meanwhile, because of the specifics of research in rehabilitation, and to obtain a full picture of the problem, it may be appropriate to include also non-RCT studies in a systematic review.¹⁶

Therefore, the aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effectiveness of physical and occupational therapy-related interventions on pain, function and quality of life in patients with TMC OA.

Methods

A research protocol was developed and submitted for registration with PROSPERO (accepted on 30 November 2013; registration number CRD42013006282). All protocol revisions were accepted.

Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials and corresponding systematic reviews, as well as observational studies, pragmatic studies and case–control studies were eligible for inclusion. Language restriction was set to English, German, French and Dutch. Studies on adults with formal diagnosis of primary TMC OA were eligible for inclusion. Interventions named occupational or physical therapy or physiotherapy were included. Excluded were studies with participants under 18 years of age or suffering from secondary TMC OA or rheumatoid arthritis or any other rheumatologic problem, or any kind of hand surgery or traumatic hand lesions. No date limitation was planned. Control interventions were accepted as presented in the studies. Outcome variables under investigation were pain, function and quality of life. The search strategy contained all relevant terms (Table 1) and was peer-reviewed by an independent researcher with experience in conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The following databases were searched in April 2014: MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, OTseeker, EMB DARE, PEDro, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The reference lists of included articles were screened for further eligible studies. Relevant journals and conference proceedings were searched by hand. An automatic PubMed algorithm continued the search for later updates until August 2015.The other databases were searched monthly until August 2015.

Table 1.

Search terms.

Key words	MEDLINE pubmed
1. Osteoarthritis	Osteoarthrit*
2. Osteoarthrosis	Osteoarthros*
3. Degenerative arthrosis	–
4. Rhizarthrosis	Rhizarthr*
5. Thumb	Thumb
6. Carpometacarpal joints	Carpometacarpal
7. CMC I	CMC I
8. Trapeziometacarpal joint	Trapeziometacarpal
9. Physical therapy	Physical therapy modalities
10. Physiotherapy	Physiotherapy
11. Occupational therapy	Occupational
12. Exercise	Exercise
13. Exercise therapy	Exercise therapy
14. Manual therapy	Manual therapy
15. Passive movement	Passive movement
16. Active movement	Active movement
17. Passive mobilisation	Passive mobilisation
18. Passive mobilization	Passive mobilization
19. Physical training	–
20. Strengthening	Strength*
21. Thermotherapy	Thermotherapy
22. Heat	Heat therapy
23. Paraffin	–
24. Cryotherapy	Cryotherapy
25. Cold	–
26. Hydrotherapy	Hydrotherapy
27. Electrotherapy	Electrotherapy
28. Ultrasound	Ultrasound therapy
29. TENS	TENS
30. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation	–
31. Splinting	Splint*
32. Orthosis	Ortho*
33. Traction	Traction
34.Patient education	Patient education
35. Pain management	Pain management
36. Joint protection	Joint protection
37. Ergonomics	Ergonomic*
38. Pain	Pain
39. Function	Function
40. Quality of life	Quality of life
41. Intervention	–
42. Strategy	–
43. Rehabilitation	Rehabilitation
44. Randomized controlled trial	–
45. Randomized clinical trial	Randomized clinical trial
46. Systematic review	Systematic review
47. Meta-analysis	Meta-analysis
48. Observational study	Observational
49. Pragmatic study	Pragmatic
50. Case–control study	Case–control
51. Longitudinal study	Longitudinal
52. Prospective	Prospective
53. Cohort	Cohort

After removing duplicates, two reviewers (BA and SE) independently screened titles and abstracts for studies which did not meet inclusion criteria. Subsequently, the two reviewers extracted all data from the included studies onto a standardized, pre-defined data form. Risk of bias was assessed independently by the same two reviewers by means of the pre-defined RevMan criteria (Review Manager 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014).This risk of bias assessment tool can be used for both RCTs and non-RCTs (Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 13.5.2.3). Any disagreement was resolved through discussion.

As a first step, a narrative review was carried out. For each study, we assigned symbols (+ = positive effect/− = no positive effect) for the outcome of an intervention as reported in the authors' conclusions. Where different time points were available, we chose the outcome closest to the end of the intervention. Then, in an attempt to quantify objectively the narrative summary, different meta-analyses were conducted. For the studies included in the meta-analyses, effect sizes have been calculated. These meta-analyses were computed only when the key elements were comparable (population, intervention and outcome). For pragmatic reasons, a certain amount of heterogeneity and risk of bias were accepted. The standardized mean difference (SMD) to express individual studies' effect sizes and a random effects model were chosen a priori. Hedge's g was used to correct for possible small sample bias. It is implemented in RevMan 5.3 algorithms. Weights of the individual studies were based on the inverse variance method. RevMan 5 in the non-Cochrane Mode was used for the calculations. Cohen's d benchmarking was used to allow a clinical interpretation of the observed overall weighted mean effect sizes.¹⁷

Results

Two hundred and eighteen studies were found initially and assessed for eligibility. After removing duplicates, 93 studies remained. After screening of titles and abstracts, 38 studies were excluded. Reasons for exclusion were studies being related to drugs, surgery, non-clinical study, other condition and other language. The full texts of the remaining 55 studies were read leading to the exclusion of another 28 studies (for reasons of other language, surgery and drugs). Twenty-seven studies totaling 1179 patients could be included for analysis: 10 RCTs with sham intervention or usual care for the control group, seven parallel group studies without control group, five cross-sectional design studies, three observational studies and two retrospective studies (Figure 1). The outcome time frame presents a very wide range, from 1 week to 7 years, for most studies from 2 weeks to 3 or 4 months. Risk of bias was assessed for seven criteria (online supplementary tables 2 and 3). All studies presented at least one high or unclear risk of performance bias (blinding of participants and personnel). Furthermore, 11 studies had a high risk in two or more out of seven criteria. Only eight studies had no high risk of bias, despite presenting at least two unclear risk assessments."]

Figure 1.

Flow chart.

The online supplementary table 1 depicts an overview of the study characteristics. Forty-two interventions were compared. The different interventions observed in the studies are summarized in Table 2. Table 3 presents the effects on the outcomes. While no study evaluated quality of life, all but two studies examined at least one of the two other outcomes (pain or function).^8,18

Table 2.

Interventions (numbers refer to frequency with which an intervention was examined).

List of interventions in included studies:
Pre-fabricated neoprene splint	7
Custom-made thermoplastic splint	13
Laser or nettle sting or acupuncture	1
Advice	1
Advice + technical accessoires	1
Advice + technical accessories + splint	2
Joint protection (JP)	1
JP + splint + hot pack + exercises	1
Specific exercises	1
General exercises	2
Exercises + splint	3
Heat + exercises + splint + JP	1
Exercises + splint + JP	1
Neurodynamic mobilization	2
Manual therapy	2
Manual therapy + neurodynamic mobilization + exercises	1
Summary of interventions:
Splint only	20	47.6%
Multimodal	6	14.3%
Single interventions	3	7.1%
Exercises + splint	3	7.1%
Exercices only	3	7.1%
Advice or joint protection or technical accessories	3	7.1%
Neurodynamic mobilization	2	4.8%
Manual therapy	2	4.8%

Table 3.

Effects on outcomes.

Outcome	Intervention	Results according to authors conclusions + = positive effect − = no positive effect	Study
Pain	Pre-fabricated neoprene splint	+	Bani 2013, Bani 2013a,²⁸ Bani 2014,²⁹ Becker 2013,³⁰ Buurke 1999,³¹ Sillem 2011,³² Weiss 2004³³
	Custom-made thermo splint	+	Bani 2013,²⁷ Bani 2013a,²⁸ Bani 2014,²⁹ Becker 2013,³⁰ Buurke 1999,³¹ Carreira²⁰, McKee 2006,³⁴ Sillem 2011,³² Swigart et al.¹⁸, Weiss²², Weiss 2004³³
	Custom-made neoprene splint + usual care	+	Rannou 2009³⁵
	Laser	−	Basford et al.¹⁹
	Joint protection (JP)	+ (only for pain in motion)	Boustedt et al.²¹
	JP + splint + hot pack + exercises	+	Boustedt et al.²¹
	Soft splint + general exercises	+	Hermann 2014³⁶
	Thermoplast CMC splint + abduction exercises	+	Wajon 2005³⁷
	Thermoplast short splint + pinch exercises	+	Wajon 2005³⁷
	Heat + exercises + splints + JP	+	Merrit 2012³⁸
	Exercises + splints + JP	+	O'Brien and Giveans⁹
	Passive mobilization + neurodynamic mobilization + exercises	+	Villafane 2013³⁹
	Specific exercises	+	Davenport 2012⁴⁰
	General exercises	+	Davenport 2012;⁴⁰ Hermann 2014³⁶
	Acupuncture	+	Dickens 1989⁴¹
	Nettle sting	+	Randall 2000⁴²
	Median nerve mobilization	+	Villafane 2011⁴³
	Radial nerve mobilization	+	Villafane 2012⁴⁴
	Kaltenborn manual mobilization	+	Villafane 2011⁴⁵
	Maitland mobilization	+	Villafane 2012a⁴⁶
Function/DASH/QuickDASH	Pre-fabricated neoprene splint	+	Bani 2013,²⁷ Bani 2014,²⁹ Becker 2013³⁰
	Custom-made thermoplastic splint	+ −	Bani 2013,²⁷ Bani 2013a,²⁸ Becker 2013³⁰ Carreira et al.²⁰
	Joint protection (JP)	−	Boustedt et al.²¹
	JP + splint + hot pack + exercises	+	Boustedt et al.²¹
	Specific exercises	+	Davenport 2012⁴⁰
	General exercises	+	Davenport 2012⁴⁰
	Multimodal (exercises + splint + JP)	+	O'Brien 2013⁹
Function/Green test	Different splints	+	Buurke 1999³¹
Function/AUSCAN	Exercises + soft splint	+	Hermann 2014³⁶
	Exercises	+	Hermann 2014³⁶
	Multimodal (heat + exercises + splint + JP)	+	Merrit 2012³⁸
	Pre-fabricated neoprene splint	+	Sillem 2011³²
	Custom-made hybrid splint	+	Sillem 2011³²
Function/PRWHE 10 point	Splint with mcp	+	McKee 2006³⁴
	Splint without mcp	+	MecKee 2006³⁴
Function/Stanford Health assessment questionnaire	Nettle sting	+	Randall 2000⁴²
Function/Cochin hand function scale	Custom-made neoprene splint + usual care	+	Rannou 2009³⁵
Function/Sollerman test of hand function	Thumb base splint + abduction exercises	+	Wajon 2005³⁷
	Short opponens splint + pinch exercises	+	Wajon 2005³⁷
Function/ADL self-rating scale	Custom-made short splint	+	Weiss²²
	Custom-made long splint	−	Weiss²²
	Pre-fabricated long neoprene splint	+	Weiss 2004³³
	Custom-made short thermoplast splint	+	Weiss 2004³³
Strength/pinch + grip	Prefabricated neoprene splint	+ − grip	Bani 2013,²⁷ Becker 2013,³⁰ Sillem 2011³² Bani 2013²⁷
	Custom-made thermos plastic	+ −	Bani 2013,²⁷ Bani 2013a,²⁸ Bani 2014,²⁹ Becker 2013,³⁰ Sillem 2011³² Carreira 2010,²⁰ Weiss 2000²²
	Splint with CMC	+	McKee 2006³⁴
	Splint with CMC + mcp	+ pinch − grip	McKee 2006³⁴
	Joint protection	−	Boustedt 2009²¹
	Multimodal (heat + exercises + splints + JP)	−	Merrit 2012³⁸ (pinch only)
	Multimodal (JP + splint + hot pack + exercise)	+	Boustedt et al.²¹
	Multimodal (joint mobilization + neurodynamic mobilization + exercises)	−	Villafane 2013³⁹
	Specific exercises	+	Davenport 2012⁴⁰ (pinch only)
	General exercises	+	Davenport 2012⁴⁰ (pinch only), Hermann 2014³⁶
	Exercises + splint	+	Hermann 2014³⁶
	Thumb base splint + abduction exercises	+	Wajon 2005³⁷
	Short opponens splint + pinch exercises	+	Wajon 2005³⁷
	Acupuncture	−	Dickens 1989⁴¹ (pinch only)
	Median nerve mobilization	− pinch + grip	Villafane 2011⁴³
	Kaltenborn mobilization	−	Villafane 2011⁴⁵
	Radial nerve mobilization	+	Villafane 2012⁴⁴
	Maitland mobilization	−	Villafane 2012a⁴⁶

Pain was reduced by all but one intervention.¹⁹ Function was improved in all but three studies (custom-made thermoplastic splint,²⁰ joint protection²¹ and custom-made thermoplastic long splint²²). Analyzing the interventions, we found that all splints seem to bring a positive result for pain regardless of their make and design. Likewise, all splint studies except two report improvement of function. The exceptions are Carreira²⁰ for custom-made thermoplastic splint and Weiss²² for long custom-made thermoplastic splint. All multimodal interventions improved pain and function. Interventions consisting of exercises with or without splint improved all outcomes. The exercise regimens consisted of stabilization, standardized range of motion, general strengthening, abduction, pinch and thumb web exercises and were different in each study. Joint protection solely improved pain but not function. Neurodynamic mobilization (mobilization of median or radial nerve) and manual therapy (Kaltenborn passive posterior-anterior gliding) improved pain. Laser was tested only for pain without positive effect. Acupuncture was tested positively for pain. Nettle sting showed positive results for pain and function. Basford et al.¹⁹ could not confirm a pain reducing effect of laser therapy in TMC OA patients. This narrative summary showed a positive overall effect of physiotherapy and occupational therapy-related interventions on pain and function in patients with TMC OA.

Two meta-analyses on the main outcome of pain could be performed. The first meta-analysis compared the pain reducing effect of pre-fabricated neoprene splint versus custom-made thermoplastic splint in five studies totaling 332 patients. This analysis found no difference between the study groups. The overall weighted mean effect size expressed as SMD was −0.01 (95%CI = −0.43, 0.40) (p = 0.95) (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

PFN vs. CMT/pain.

A second meta-analysis including four studies and 175 patients compared multimodal interventions to reduce pain versus control in TMC OA patients. This analysis showed a very high effect size favoring the multimodal interventions: SMD = −3.16 (95%CI = −5.56, −0.75) (p = 0.01) (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Multimodal vs. control/pain.

A third meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effect of multi-modal interventions on function in TMC OA patients versus control. The overall weighted effect size expressed as SMD was high: SMD = −0.66 (95%CI = −1.55, 0.23) (p = 0.15) (Figure 4), but without statistical significance. A last meta-analysis was conducted to explore the before and after effect of multimodal interventions on pain (no controls) including six studies totaling 266 patients. The overall weighted mean effect size was very high: SMD = 1.93 (95%CI = 0.65, 3.20) (p = 0.003) (Figure 5).

Figure 4.

Multimodal vs. control/function.

Figure 5.

Multimodal pre–post/pain.

Discussion

Summary of evidence

This review including a systematic review and meta-analyses explored the effectiveness of physical and occupational therapy related interventions on pain and function in patients with TMC OA. The main finding was that there is moderate to high evidence that multimodal physiotherapy and occupational therapy related interventions have beneficial effects on pain. Concerning improvement of function, there is only narrative but no statistical evidence. Interestingly, quality of life was not examined by any of the studies. It can be assumed that absence of symptoms (e.g. pain and functional disorder) is associated with a higher quality of life.¹⁸ If this assumption holds, then the results of this review suggest that most physiotherapy or occupational therapy related interventions also improve quality of life. Valdes et al.¹¹ referred to different studies which underscore the relation between pain reduction and improved hand functioning and global rating of disease in patients with hand OA. Frouzakis et al.²³ confirm that most patients seek treatment to reduce pain and not to improve function or activities of daily living (ADL).

Despite major differences in design or outcomes, three studies (need for surgery;⁸ retrospective chart review;⁹ retrospective cohort study¹⁸) were included in this systematic review because of their clinical interest.

The narrative interpretation of the results, based on the conclusions of the individual studies, suggested that pain was improved with all intervention modalities except for laser therapy.¹⁹ However, on many occasions in this overview, a certain discrepancy between the authors' conclusions and the reported data was observed. In some of the studies, data were missing or even contradictory to the conclusions. Some conclusions were based on selected time points, while other time points with other results were not further mentioned, indicating a high risk for reporting bias.

As Marks et al.²⁴ already highlighted, all studies had in common a wide variety of measurement methods for all outcomes, e.g. for pain: pain in the most recent week, pain during motion, pain at rest, pain during or after strength measurement, and so on. Moreover, the scales used in the included studies varied widely. For pain VAS, NRS, AUSCAN pain subscale, 10-point scale or verbal rating scale. For function, DASH, Quick DASH, AUSCAN, Green Test, Cochin hand function scale, Stanford Health Assessment, 10-point PRWHE scale and others.

Taken together, most studies showed poor quality and the across study heterogeneity was high, making pooling of the data to assess a true effect on population level difficult. Therefore, the reader would be reduced to pure vote-counting, which can lead to erroneous conclusions. To counter this risk, we decided to add meta-analyses for the studies presenting enough homogeneity in the key factors. This procedure is acceptable in the context of the chosen goal.²⁵ Based on the findings of Marks et al.,²⁴ we decided a priori to calculate the SMD instead of the mean difference.

Neither the narrative summary nor the meta-analyses showed a difference between pre-fabricated neoprene splints and custom-made thermoplastic splints, while there is moderate to high evidence that multimodal interventions may be efficient forms of treatment in patients with TMC OA. This finding is confirmed by Berggren et al.⁸ and O'Brien and Giveans.⁹ The SMDs found in the two meta-analyses for multimodal interventions (−3.17 and 1.93) have clinical significance.²⁶

There is not enough evidence to support single interventions such as exercises, joint protection, neurodynamic mobilization, manual therapy, laser, nettle sting or acupuncture.

This review showed evidence that a multimodal physical or occupational therapy may be effective in the treatment of patients with TMC OA. Such multimodal approach could consist of splint application combined with an exercise program, patient education on joint protection, advice about technical accessories (e.g. ergonomic bottle openers or key holders) and techniques to increase the local metabolism (heat, deep frictions, ultrasound and others). Based on the evidence, the type of exercises (specific or general) integrated into a multimodal intervention seems to be irrelevant. The parity of splints concerning pain reduction has been shown. Therefore, the choice of the best splint has to be checked individually. The chosen splints should be adapted to the type of activity (hard work = thermoplastic splint, normal ADL and sleep = soft splint).

Strengths

This review included not only RCTs, but also studies with other designs, allowing a broader analysis of the effectiveness of physiotherapy or occupational therapy-related interventions on patients with TMC OA. The inclusion of the studies in the meta-analyses was done on the assumption of clinical value and based on clinical expertise.

This review may have clear clinical relevance. While there is no evidence to support single interventions, there seems to be moderate to high evidence that multimodal physical or occupational therapy related interventions may be effective in the treatment of pain and function of the hand in patients with TMC OA.

Limitations

Overall, the included studies present a moderate to high risk of bias. While the risk for performance bias through lack of blinding of participants and personnel is inherent in physical rehabilitation studies, other risks could theoretically be avoided. This elevated level of risk of bias asks for a conservative interpretation of the results. Another limitation of some studies is the lack of indication whether the participants had only isolated TMC OA or not. It may well be that patients with OA in several finger joints react differently to interventions and at measurements.

A number of other limitations of this review are recognized. First, non-published trials were not systematically searched for and this exclusion may have resulted in a biased selection of trials which were more likely to include positive trials. Second, other language publications were only included if they had an accompanying English abstract which summarized sufficient details of the trial report. Third, the procedure to include the studies in the meta-analyses was based on subjective clinical values and expertise of the authors after a consensus meeting. And finally, the number of the studies and patients included in the pooling was low.

Conclusions

This review included a systematic review with a narrative summary and a series of meta-analyses. Physical and occupational therapy-related interventions, especially multimodal interventions, seem to be effective to treat pain in patients with TMC OA. The use of pre-fabricated neoprene splints and custom-made thermoplastic splints may result in similar pain reduction. There is only narrative but not statistical evidence for effectiveness of single interventions on pain. The same has been found for improvement of function.

Multimodal interventions may need more resources. Therefore, more large and high quality studies, with embedded economic analyses are needed to further strengthen the evidence and cost-effectiveness of different types of multimodal physiotherapy or occupational therapy related interventions in patients with TMC OA.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Roger Hilfiker for peer-reviewing the search strategy, Anne-Kathrin Rausch-Osthoff for peer-reviewing the manuscript and Daniel Fooder for the English editing and proof-reading.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received financial support from the Swiss Society for Hand Rehabilitation SGHR and the Swiss Physiotherapy Association physioswiss.

Online only supplementary tables are available at

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Effectiveness of physical and occupational therapy on pain,function and quality of life in patients with trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis – A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Summary of evidence

Strengths

Limitations

Conclusions

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

References

Supplementary Material