Tennis elbow is the most common cause of lateral-sided elbow pain with a major socioeconomic impact. The etiology of tennis elbow is not completely understood, but there are many different treatment options. This review gives an overview of the current concepts of diagnosis and treatment of tennis elbow and the impact on work participation.
PluimBMFullerCWBattME, et al.Consensus statement on epidemiological studies of medical conditions in tennis, April 2009. Br J Sports Med2009; 43: 893–897.
2.
AllanderE. Prevalence, incidence, and remission rates of some common rheumatic diseases or syndromes. Scand J Rheumatol1974; 3: 145–153.
3.
SandersTLJrMaradit KremersHBryanAJ, et al.The epidemiology and health care burden of tennis elbow: a population-based study. Am J Sports Med2015; 43: 1066–1071.
4.
BotSDMvan der WaalJMTerweeCB, et al.Course and prognosis of elbow complaints: a cohort study in general practice. Ann Rheum Dis2005; 64: 1331–1336.
5.
ShiriRViikari-JunturaEVaronenH, et al.Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: a population study. Am J Epidemiol2006; 164: 1065–1074.
6.
DescathaAAlboFLeclercA, et al.Lateral epicondylitis and physical exposure at work? A review of prospective studies and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)2016; 68: 1681–1687.
7.
Walker-BoneKPalmerKTReadingI, et al.Occupation and epicondylitis: a population-based study. Rheumatology2012; 51: 305–310.
8.
van der MolenHFKuijerPPFMSmitsPBA, et al.Annual incidence of occupational diseases in economic sectors in the Netherlands. Occup Environ Med2012; 69: 519–521.
9.
KraushaarBSNirschlRP. Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow). Clinical features and findings of histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am1999; 81: 259–278.
10.
HaahrJPAndersenJH. Physical and psychosocial risk factors for lateral epicondylitis: a population based case-referent study. Occup Environ Med2003; 60: 322–329.
11.
PitzerMESeidenbergPHBaderDA. Elbow tendinopathy. Med Clin North Am2014; 98: 833–849, xiii.
12.
WalzDMNewmanJSKoninGP, et al.Epicondylitis: pathogenesis, imaging, and treatment. Radiographics2010; 30: 167–184.
13.
CookJLPurdamCR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med2009; 43: 409–416.
14.
AltinisikJMericGErduranM, et al.The BstUI and DpnII variants of the COL5A1 gene are associated with tennis elbow. Am J Sports Med2015; 43: 1784–1789.
15.
VerhaarJA. Tennis elbow: anatomical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects. Int Orthop1994; 18: 263–267.
16.
LjungBOLieberRLFridénJ. Wrist extensor muscle pathology in lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Surg Br1999; 24: 177–183.
17.
KeefeFJRumbleMEScipioCD, et al.Psychological aspects of persistent pain: current state of the science. J Pain2004; 5: 195–211.
18.
BissetLPaungmaliAVicenzinoB, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia. Br J Sports Med2005; 39: 411–422.
19.
MurtaghJE. Tennis elbow. Aust Fam Physician1988; 17: 90–91, 94–95.
20.
HudakPLColeDCHainesAT. Understanding prognosis to improve rehabilitation: the example of lateral elbow pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil1996; 77: 586–593.
21.
Minaya-MuñozFMedina-MirapeixFValera-GarridoF, et al.Quality measures for the care of patients with lateral epicondylalgia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord2013; 14: 310–310.
22.
KotnisNAChiavarasMMHarishS. Lateral epicondylitis and beyond: imaging of lateral elbow pain with clinical-radiologic correlation. Skeletal Radiol2012; 41: 369–386.
23.
PomeranceJAlmquistENeckingL, et al.Radiographic analysis of lateral epicondylitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg2002; 11: 156–157.
24.
ConnellDBurkeFCoombesP, et al.Sonographic examination of lateral epicondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol2001; 176: 777–782.
25.
LevinDNazarianLNMillerTT, et al.Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow: US findings. Radiology2005; 237: 230–234.
26.
MillerTTShapiroMASchultzE, et al.Comparison of sonography and MRI for diagnosing epicondylitis. J Clin Ultrasound2002; 30: 193–202.
27.
PotterHGHannafinJAMorwesselRM, et al.Lateral epicondylitis: correlation of MR imaging, surgical, and histopathologic findings. Radiology1995; 196: 43–46.
28.
SavnikAJensenBNørregaardJ, et al.Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of treatment response of lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. Eur Radiol2004; 14: 964–969.
29.
SimsSEGMillerKElfarJC, et al.Non-surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Hand2014; 9: 419–446.
30.
SmidtNLewisMvan der WindtDAWM, et al.Lateral epicondylitis in general practice: course and prognostic indicators of outcome. J Rheumatol2006; 33: 2053–2059.
31.
HaahrJPAndersenJH. Prognostic factors in lateral epicondylitis: a randomized trial with one-year follow-up in 266 new cases treated with minimal occupational intervention or the usual approach in general practice. Rheumatology2003; 42: 1216–1225.
32.
SilbernagelKGThomeéRErikssonBI, et al.Continued sports activity, using a pain-monitoring model, during rehabilitation in patients with Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Am J Sports Med2007; 35: 897–906.
33.
Brukner P and Khan K. Elbow and arm pain. In: Bill Vicenzino B, Scott A, Bell S, Nebojsa P (eds). Clinical sports medicine. 4th ed. Sydney: McGraw-Hill, 2012, pp. 390–412.
34.
MentaRRandhawaKCôtéP, et al.The effectiveness of exercise for the management of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand: a systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) collaboration. J Manipulative Physiol Ther2015; 38: 507–520.
35.
DingemanseRRandsdorpMKoesBW, et al.Evidence for the effectiveness of electrophysical modalities for treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med2014; 48: 957–965.
36.
BakshNHannonCPMurawskiCD, et al.Platelet-rich plasma in tendon models: a systematic review of basic science literature. Arthroscopy2013; 29: 596–607.
37.
de VosRJWeirATolJL, et al.No effects of PRP on ultrasonographic tendon structure and neovascularisation in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med2011; 45: 387–392.
38.
FitzpatrickJBulsaraMZhengMH. The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of tendinopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Sports Med2016; 45: 226–231.
39.
KahlenbergCAKnesekMTerryMA. New developments in the use of biologics and other modalities in the management of lateral epicondylitis. Biomed Res Int2015; 2015: 439309–439309.
40.
de VosR-JWindtJWeirA. Strong evidence against platelet-rich plasma injections for chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med2014; 48: 952–956.
41.
KroghTPBartelsEMEllingsenT, et al.Comparative effectiveness of injection therapies in lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med2013; 41: 1435–1446.
42.
CoombesBKBissetLVicenzinoB. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet2010; 376: 1751–1767.
43.
ZhangJKeenanCWangJH-C. The effects of dexamethasone on human patellar tendon stem cells: implications for dexamethasone treatment of tendon injury. J Orthop Res2013; 31: 105–110.
44.
DeanBJFLostisEOakleyT, et al.The risks and benefits of glucocorticoid treatment for tendinopathy: a systematic review of the effects of local glucocorticoid on tendon. Semin Arthritis Rheum2014; 43: 570–576.
45.
PoschJNGoldbergVMLarreyR. Extensor fasciotomy for tennis elbow: a long-term follow-up study. Clin Orthop Relat Res1978; 135: 179–182.
BatemanMLittlewoodCRawsonB, et al.Surgery for tennis elbow: a systematic review. Shoulder and Elbow. Epub ahead of print December 11 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1758573217745041.
48.
SolheimEHegnaJØyenJ. Arthroscopic versus open tennis elbow release: 3- to 6-year results of a case-control series of 305 elbows. J Arthrosc Relat Surg2013; 29: 854–859.
49.
BuchbinderRJohnstonRVBarnsleyL, et al.Surgery for lateral elbow pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2011; 3: CD003525–CD003525.
50.
PeartREStricklerSSSchweitzerKM. Lateral epicondylitis: a comparative study of open and arthroscopic lateral release. Am J Orthop2004; 33: 565–567.
51.
NirschlRP. Lateral extensor release for tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am1994; 76: 951–951.
52.
NirschlRPPettroneFA. Tennis elbow. The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am1979; 61: 832–839.
53.
DunnJHKimJJDavisL, et al.Ten- to 14-year follow-up of the Nirschl surgical technique for lateral epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med2008; 36: 261–266.
54.
WangAWErakS. Fractional lengthening of forearm extensors for resistant lateral epicondylitis. ANZ J Surg2007; 77: 981–984.
55.
YergerBTurnerT. Percutaneous extensor tenotomy for chronic tennis elbow: an office procedure. Orthopedics1985; 8: 1261–1263.
56.
BaumgardSHSchwartzDR. Percutaneous release of the epicondylar muscles for humeral epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med1982; 10: 233–236.
57.
BakerCLJrMurphyKPGottlobCA, et al.Arthroscopic classification and treatment of lateral epicondylitis: two-year clinical results. J Shoulder Elbow Surg2000; 9: 475–482.
58.
MullettHSpragueMBrownG, et al.Arthroscopic treatment of lateral epicondylitis: clinical and cadaveric studies. Clin Orthop Relat Res2005; 439: 123–128.
59.
BakerCLBakerCL. Long-term follow-up of arthroscopic treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med2008; 36: 254–560.
60.
SzaboSJSavoieFHFieldLD, et al.Tendinosis of the extensor carpi radialis brevis: an evaluation of three methods of operative treatment. J Shoulder Elb Surg2006; 15: 721–727.
61.
LoMYSafranMR. Surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res2007; 463: 98–106.
KaminskySBBakerCLJr. Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg2003; 7: 179–189.
64.
GrewalRMacDermidJCShahP, et al.Functional outcome of arthroscopic extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon release in chronic lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Surg Am2009; 34: 849–857.
65.
PomerantzML. Complications of lateral epicondylar release. Orthop Clin North Am2016; 47: 445–469.
66.
GargAKapelluschJMHegmannKT, et al.The strain index and TLV for HAL: risk of lateral epicondylitis in a prospective cohort. Am J Ind Med2014; 57: 286–302.
67.
LeclercALandreMFChastangJF, et al.Upper-limb disorders in repetitive work. Scand J Work Environ Health2001; 27: 268–278.
68.
HerquelotEGuéguenARoquelaureY, et al.Work-related risk factors for incidence of lateral epicondylitis in a large working population. Scand J Work Environ Health2013; 39: 578–588.
69.
FanZJBaoSSilversteinBA, et al.Predicting work-related incidence of lateral and medial epicondylitis using the strain index. Am J Ind Med2014; 57: 1319–1330.
70.
Descatha A, Dale AM, Jaegers L, et al. Self-reported physical exposure association with medial and lateral epicondylitis incidence in a large longitudinal study. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70: 670–673.
71.
NilssonPBaigiASwärdL, et al.Lateral epicondylalgia: a structured programme better than corticosteroids and NSAID. Scand J Occup Ther2012; 19: 404–410.
72.
CoombesBKBissetLVicenzinoB. Management of lateral elbow tendinopathy: one size does not fit all. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2015; 45: 938–949.
73.
HegmannKTHoffmanHEBelcourtRM, et al.ACOEM practice guidelines: elbow disorders. J Occup Environ Med2013; 55: 1365–1374.
74.
KeijsersRvan den BekeromMPKoenraadtKL, et al.Injection of tennis elbow: hit and miss? A cadaveric study of injection accuracy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc2016; 25: 2289–2292.
