Investigation and Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infection in the Shoulder and Elbow: Evidence and consensus based guidelines of the British Elbow and Shoulder Society

Osmon DR Berbari EF Berendt AR et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2013; 56: e1–e25. 10.1093/cid/cis803.

Parvizi J Zmistowski B Berbari EF et al. New Definition for Periprosthetic Joint Infection: From the Workgroup of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2011; 469: 2992–4.

Oussedik S Gould K Stockley I Haddad FS . Defining peri-prosthetic infection. Do we have a workable gold standard? 2012; 94-B: 1455–6. 10.1302/0301-620x.94b11.30244. http://bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/94-B/11/1455.full.pdf.

National Joint Registry for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Isle of Man. 14th Annual Report. 2017. http://www.njrreports.org.uk/Portals/0/PDFdownloads/NJR14thAnnualReport2017.pdf.

Egglestone A, Ingoe H, Jeavons R, Thomas M, Rees J and Rangan A. Scoping review: Diagnosis and management of peri-prosthetic joint infection in shoulder arthroplasty. (Paper under peer review for publication) 2017.

Watts A, Trail I, Thomas M, Rees K and Rangan A. Scoping review: Diagnosis and management of peri-prosthetic joint infection in elbow arthroplasty. (Paper under peer review for publication) 2017.

Bonnevialle N Dauzeres F Toulemonde J Elia F Laffosse JM Mansat P . Periprosthetic shoulder infection: an overview. EFORT Open Reviews 2017; 2: 104–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5420823/pdf/eor-2-104.pdf .

Tsaras G Osmon DR Mabry T et al. Incidence, secular trends, and outcomes of prosthetic joint infection: a population-based study, olmsted county, Minnesota, 1969-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33: 1207–12. 10.1086/668421.

Melendez DOD, Greenwood-Quaintance K, Hanssen AD, Patel R. Comparison of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America diagnostic criteria for prosthetic joint infection. IDWeek 2013. San Francisco, 2013.

Nelson GN Paxton ES Narzikul A Williams G Lazarus MD Abboud JA . Leukocyte esterase in the diagnosis of shoulder periprosthetic joint infection. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24: 1421–6.

General Medical Council. Good Medical Practice. 2013. https://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/good_medical_practice.asp.

Waldvogel FA Medoff G Swartz MN . Osteomyelitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects. N Engl J Med 1970; 282: 198–206. 10.1056/nejm197001222820406.

Furustrand Tafin U Corvec S Betrisey B Zimmerli W Trampuz A . Role of rifampin against Propionibacterium acnes biofilm in vitro and in an experimental foreign-body infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56: 1885–91. 10.1128/aac.05552-11.

Conterno LO Turchi MD . Antibiotics for treating chronic osteomyelitis in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2013; 9: Cd004439. 10.1002/14651858.CD004439.pub3.

Bernard L Dinh A Ghout I et al. Antibiotic treatment for 6 weeks versus 12 weeks in patients with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385: 875–82. 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61233-2.

Byren I Bejon P Atkins BL et al. One hundred and twelve infected arthroplasties treated with ‘DAIR' (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention): antibiotic duration and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63: 1264–71. 10.1093/jac/dkp107.

Wieland BW Marcantoni JR Bommarito KM Warren DK Marschall J . A retrospective comparison of ceftriaxone versus oxacillin for osteoarticular infections due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2012; 54: 585–90. 10.1093/cid/cir857.

Lora-Tamayo J Senneville E Ribera A et al. The Not-So-Good Prognosis of Streptococcal Periprosthetic Joint Infection Managed by Implant Retention: The Results of a Large Multicenter Study. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2017; 64: 1742–52. 10.1093/cid/cix227.

Hsieh P-H Lee MS Hsu K-Y Chang Y-H Shih H-N Ueng SW . Gram-negative prosthetic joint infections: risk factors and outcome of treatment. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication Of The Infectious Diseases Society Of America 2009; 49: 1036–43. 10.1086/605593. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=19691430&site=ehost-live.

Bayston RNB Ashraf W Freeman BJ . Antibiotics for the eradication of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in surgical infection. Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60: 1298–301.

Dennison T Alentorn-Geli E Assenmacher AT Sperling JW Sanchez-Sotelo J Cofield RH . Management of acute or late hematogenous infection after shoulder arthroplasty with irrigation, debridement, and component retention. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017; 26: 73–8.

Jeon I Choi C Seo J Seo K Ko S Park J . Arthroscopic management of septic arthritis of the shoulder joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88: 1802–6.

Sperling JW Kozak TK Hanssen AD Cofield RH . Infection after shoulder arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics And Related Research 2001; 382: 206–16. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=11153989&site=ehost-live .

Ince A Seemann K Frommelt L Katzer A Loehr JF . One-stage exchange shoulder arthroplasty for peri-prosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87: 814–8. http://bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/87-B/6/814.full.pdf .

Assenmacher AT Alentorn-Geli E Sanchez-Sotelo J Cofield RH Sperling JW . Two-stage reimplantation for the treatment of deep infection after shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2005; 26: e163–e163.

Sabesan VJ Ho JC Kovacevic D Iannotti JP . Two-stage reimplantation for treating prosthetic shoulder infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469: 2538–43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148358/pdf/11999_2011_Article_1774.pdf .

Braman JP Sprague M Bishop J Lo IK Lee EW Flatow EL . The outcome of resection shoulder arthroplasty for recalcitrant shoulder infections. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15: 549–53.

Rispoli DMSJ Athwal GS Schleck CD Cofield RH . Pain relief and functional results after resection arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007; 89: 1184–7.

Toulemonde J Ancelin D Azoulay V Bonnevialle N Rongieres M Mansat P . Complications and revisions after semi-constrained total elbow arthroplasty: a mono-centre analysis of one hundred cases. Int Orthop 2016; 40: 73–80. 10.1007/s00264-015-3008-z.

Morrey BF Bryan RS . Infection after total elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983; 65: 330–8.

Wolfe SW Figgie MP Inglis AE Bohn WW Ranawat CS . Management of infection about total elbow prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990; 72: 198–212.

Jeon I-H Morrey BF Anakwenze OA Tran NV . Incidence and implications of early postoperative wound complications after total elbow arthroplasty. Journal Of Shoulder And Elbow Surgery 2011; 20: 857–65. 10.1016/j.jse.2011.03.005. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=21641829&site=ehost-live.

Yamaguchi K Adams RA Morrey BF . Infection after total elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998; 80: 481–91.

Achermann Y Vogt M Spormann C et al. Characteristics and outcome of 27 elbow periprosthetic joint infections: results from a 14-year cohort study of 358 elbow prostheses. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2011; 17: 432–8. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03243.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03243.x.

Spormann C Achermann Y Simmen BR et al. Treatment strategies for periprosthetic infections after primary elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2012; 21: 992–1000. 10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.007.

Peach CA Nicoletti S Lawrence TM Stanley D . Two-stage revision for the treatment of the infected total elbow arthroplasty. Bone Joint J 2013; 95-b: 1681–6. 10.1302/0301-620x.95b12.31336.

Rhee YG Cho NS Park JG Song JH . Resection arthroplasty for periprosthetic infection after total elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2016; 25: 105–11. 10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.045.

Gille J, Ince A, González O, Katzer A, Loehr JF. Single-stage revision of peri-prosthetic infection following total elbow replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88(10): 1341–6.