Cardiometabolic changes at menopause: Time for precision menopause treatment

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

ACOG (2013) Postmenopausal oestrogen therapy: route of administration and risk of venous thromboembolism. Committee Opinion No. 556 (reaffirmed September 2024). Obstetrics & Gynecology 121(4): 887–890. DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000428645.90795.d9.

Armeni

Anagnostis

Armeni

, et al. (2023) Vasomotor symptoms and risk of cardiovascular disease in peri- and postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 171: 13–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.02.004.

British Menopause Society (2024a) Management of unscheduled bleeding on hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Available at: https://thebms.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/01-BMS-GUIDELINE-Management-of-unscheduled-bleeding-HRT-NOVEMBER2024-A.pdf (accessed 13 October 2025).

British Menopause Society (2024b) Management of menopause for women with cardiovascular disease. Available at: https://thebms.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/22-BMS-TfC-Management-of-menopause-for-women-with-CVD-DEC2024-A.pdf (accessed 13 October 2025).

Cho

Kaunitz

Faubion

, et al., for the ACC CVD in Women Committee (2023) Rethinking menopausal hormone therapy: for whom, what, when, and how long? Circulation 147(7): 597–610. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061559.

El Khoudary

Aggarwal

Beckie

, et al. (2020) Menopause transition and cardiovascular disease risk: Implications for timing of early prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 142(25): e506–e532. DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000912.

NICE (2024) Menopause: Identification and management. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23 (accessed 16 October 2025).

NICE (2025) Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng238 (accessed 16 October 2025).

NAMS (2022) The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause 29(7): 767–794. DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002028.

10.

Nudy

Chinchilli

Foy

(2019) A systematic review and meta-regression analysis to examine the ‘timing hypothesis’ of hormone replacement therapy on mortality, coronary heart disease, and stroke. IJC Heart & Vasculature 22: 123–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.01.001.

11.

RCGP (2025a) Clinical topic guide: Cardiovascular health. Available at: www.rcgp.org.uk/mrcgp-exams/gp-curriculum/cardiovascular-health (accessed 13 October 2025).

12.

RCGP (2025b) Clinical topic guide: metabolic problems and endocrinology. Available at: www.rcgp.org.uk/mrcgp-exams/gp-curriculum/metabolic-problems-endocrinology (accessed 13 October 2025).

13.

Schierbeck

Rejnmark

Tofteng

, et al. (2012) Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: Randomised trial. British Medical Journal 345: e6409. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e6409.

14.

Thurston

Aslanidou Vlachos

Derby

, et al. (2021) Menopausal vasomotor symptoms and risk of incident cardiovascular disease events in SWAN. Journal of the American Heart Association 10(3): e017416. DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017416.