Amenorrhoea is defined as absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age. Primary amenorrhoea is a failure to start menstruation by the age of 13 years without secondary sexual characteristics or by the age of 15 years with normal secondary sexual characteristics. Secondary amenorrhoea is the absence of menstruation for 6 months in a woman with normal prior menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea is more common type, with a prevalence of between 3 and 4%. This compares with a prevalence of 0.3% for those with primary amenorrhea.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AnithaCKanagalD (2019) Case series of primary amenorrhoea. International Journal of Scientific Research8(12): 52–55. DOI: 10.36106/IJSR.
2.
ChildT (2011) Investigation and treatment of primary amenorrhoea. Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine21(2): 31–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogrm.2010.11.006.
3.
ChousseinSNasioudisDSchizasD, et al.(2017) Müllerian dysgenesis: A critical review of the literature. Archives of Gynecology Obstetrics295: 1369–1381. DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4372-2.
4.
DanYWongYCheongY, et al.(2008) Asherman syndrome—one century later. Fertility and Sterlity89(4): 759–779. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.096.
5.
El-MahgoubSKarimMAmmarR (1972) Long-term use of depot medroxy progesterone acetate as a contraceptive. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica51(3): 251–255.
6.
HaydenCBalenA (2007) Primary amenorrhoea: Investigation and treatment. Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine17(7): 199–204. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogrm.2007.05.004.
KininghamRBApgarBSSchwenkTL (1996) Evaluation of amenorrhea. American Family Physician53(4): 1185–1194.
9.
KleinD (2013) Amenorrhea: An approach to diagnosis and management. American Family Physician87(11): 781–788.
10.
KleinDParadiseSReederR (2019) Amenorrhea: A systematic approach to diagnosis and management. American Family Physician100(1): 39–48.
11.
MihmMGangoolySMuttukrishnaS (2011) The normal menstrual cycle in women. Animal Reproduction Science124(3-4): 229–236. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.030.
12.
MukherjeeKJonesK (2005) The treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding with the Mirena IUS: A survival analysis. Gynecological Surgery2: 251–254. DOI: 10.1007/s10397-005-0131-7.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2014) Green-top guideline (No. 33): Polycystic ovary syndrome, long-term consequences. Available at: www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_33.pdf (accessed 23 September 2020).
18.
SamalRHabeebullahS (2017) Primary amenorrhea: A clinical review. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology6(11): 4748–4753. DOI: 10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174981.
19.
Speroff L, Glass RH and Kase NG (1999) Amenorrhea. In Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility (sixth ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (eds.), pp. 421–476.