The appendix was discovered in the 1500s, with the first successful appendectomy being performed in 1735. Throughout the history of medicine, diseases of the appendix have managed to cause confusion among doctors and harm to patients. Morbidity and mortality from appendicitis are improving, but still place a large burden on healthcare. Appendicitis is still one of the commonest surgical emergencies and the aim of this article is to review the incidence, presentation and management of acute appendicitis.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BachurR. G.HennellyK.CallahanM. J.ChenC.MonuteauxM. C. (2012) Diagnostic imaging and negative appendectomy rates in children: Effects of age and gender. Peadiatrics129(5): 877–884. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3375.
2.
BlancoF. C.SandlerA. D.NadlerE. P. (2012) Increased incidence of perforated appendicitis in children with obesity. Clinical Paediatrics51(10): 928–932. doi: 10.1177/0009922812441659.
3.
BuckiusM. T.McGrathB.MonkJ.GrimR.BellT.Vanita AhujaM. S. (2012) Changing epidemiology of acute appendicitis in the United States: Study period 1993-2008. Journal of Surgical Research175(2): 185–190. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.07.017.
4.
BurkeL. M.BashirM. R.MillerF. H.SiegelmanE. S.BrownM.AlobaidyM.SemelkaR. C. (2015) Magnetic resonance imaging of acute appendicitis in pregnancy: A 5-year multi-institutional study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology213(5): e1–e6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.026.
5.
CantyT. G.CollinsD.LosassoB.LynchF.BrownC. (2000) Laparoscopic appendectomy for simple and perforated appendicitis in children: The procedure of choice. Journal of Paediatric Surgery35(11): 1582–1585.
Di SaverioS.SibilioA.GiorginiE.BiscardiA.VillaniS.CoccoliniF.TugnoliG. (2014) The NOTA Study (Non Operative Treatment for Acute Appendicitis): Prospective study on the efficacy and safety of antibiotics (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) for treating patients with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and long-term follow-up of conservatively treated suspected appendicitis. Annals of Surgery260(1): 109–117. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000560.
8.
DillmanJ. R.GadepalliS.SroufeN. S.DavenportM. S.SmithE. A.ChongS. T.StrouseP. J. (2016) Equivocal pediatric appendicitis: Unenhanced MR imaging protocol for nonsedated children – A clinical effectiveness study. Radiology279(1): 216–225. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2015150941.
9.
GhnnamW. M. (2012) Elderly versus young patients with appendicitis 3 years experience. Alexandria Journal of Medicine48(1): 9–12.
Kavic, M. S., Kavic, S. M., & Kavic, S. M. (2012). Laparoscopic appendectomy. In P. A. Wetter, M. S. Kavic, C. Nezhat, H. Winfield, W. E. Kelley, & L. Mettler (Eds), Prevention and management of laparoendoscopic surgical complications, third edition. Miami, FL: Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. Retrieved from http://laparoscopy.blogs.com/prevention_management_3/2010/08/laparoscopic-appendectomy.html.
12.
Kularatna, M., Lauti, M., Haran, C., MacFacter, W., Sheikh, L., Huang, Y., … MacCormick, A. D. (2017). Clinical prediction rules for appendicitis in adults: Which is best? World Journal of Surgery,41(7), 1769–1781. doi: 10.1007/s00268-017-3926-6.
13.
LinH. F.LaiH. S.LaiI. R. (2014) Laparoscopic treatment of perforated appendicitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology20(39): 14338–14347. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14338.
14.
LongmoreM.WilkinsonI.BaldwinA.WallinE. (2014) Oxford handbook of clinical medicine, ninth edition, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
MasoomiH.MillsS.DolichM. O.KetanaN.CarmichaelJ. C.NguyenN. T.StamosM. J. (2012) Does laparoscopic appendectomy impart an advantage over open appendectomy in elderly patients?World Journey of Surgery36(7): 1534–1539. doi: 10.1007/s00268-012-1545-9.
17.
Matthews, J. B., & Hodin, R. A. (2011). Acute abdomen and appendix. In M. W. Mulholland, K. D. Lillemoe, G. M. Doherty, R. V. Maier, D. M. Simeone, & G. R. Upchurch (Eds), Greenfields surgery: Scientific principles and practice, fifth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
18.
Nanjundaiah, N., Mohammed, A., Shanbhag, V., Ashfaque, K., & Priya, S. A. (2014). A comparative study of RIPASA score and ALVARADO score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(11), NC03–NC05. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/9055.5170.
19.
OhtaniH.TamamoriY.ArimotoY.NishiguchiY.MaedaK.HirakawaK. (2012) Meta-analysis of the results of randomized control trials that compared laparoscopic and open surgery for acute appendicitis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery16(10): 1929–1939.
20.
PintoF.PintoA.RussoA.CoppolinoF.BracaleR.FonioP.GigantiM. (2013) Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adult patients: Review of the literature. Critical Ultrasound Journal5(Suppl 1): S2, doi: 10.1186/2036-7902-5-S1-S2.
SeetahalS. A.BolorunduroO. B.SookdeoT. C.OyetunjiT. A.GreeneW. R.FrederickW.SiramS. M. (2011) Negative appendectomy: A 10-year review of a nationally representative sample. American Journal of Surgery201(4): 33–37.
25.
SinghJ. P.MariadasonJ. G. (2013) Role of the faecolith in modern-day appendicitis. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons95(1): 48–51. doi: 10.1308/003588413X13511609954851.
SrinivasanA.ServaesS.PeñaA.DargeK. (2015) Utility of CT after sonography for suspected appendicitis in children: Integration of a clinical scoring system with a staged imaging protocol. Emergency Radiology22(1): 31–42. doi: 10.1007/s10140-014-1241-1.
28.
Takada, T., Nishiwaki, H., Yamamoto, Y., Noguchi, Y., Fukuma, S., Yamazaki, S., & Fukuhara, S. (2015). The role of digital rectal examination for diagnosis of acute appendicitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136996.
29.
TimmermanM. E. W.GroenH.HeinemanE.BroensP. M. A. (2016) The influence of underweight and obesity on the diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease31: 1467–1473. doi: 10.1007/s00384-016-2614-6.
30.
ZingoneF.SultanA. A.HumesD. J.WestJ. (2015) Risk of acute appendicitis in and around pregnancy: A population-based cohort study from England. Annals of Surgery261(2): 332–337. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000780.