The concept of civilization is intrinsic to the English School’s understanding of international society. At the same time, engagement with discourses of civilization has been an important site of contestation within the English School, with quite different narratives of the evolution, structures and dynamics of international society being articulated. I argue that deeper analysis of how different waves of English School scholars engage with discourses of civilization provides a valuable pathway for mapping the evolution of English School thought and its understanding of the structure and dynamics of international society. Discourse analysis, a method firmly embedded in interpretivist approaches, can provide us with a valuable approach to unravel the complexities of English School thinking about civilization. Applying discourse analysis to these bodies of work allows us to explore nodal points within English School debates, the layering of particular texts, and how scholars engage with strategies of juxtapositioning and counternarrative in order to reveal how subjects are positioned in hierarchies of authority and reveal previously subjugated voices in their interpretations of the constitution and evolution of international society.
AalbertsT (2014) Rethinking the principle of (sovereign) equality as a standard of civilisation. Millennium42(3): 767–789.
2.
AnghieA (2005) Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
3.
BainW (2003) Between Anarchy and Society: Trusteeship and the Obligations of Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4.
BestJ (2006) Civilizing through transparency: The International Monetary Fund. In: BowdenBSeabrookeL (eds) Global Market of Market Civilization. London; New York: Routledge, pp. 134–145.
5.
BowdenB (2006) Civilization, standards, and markets. In: BowdenBSeabrookeL (eds) Global Standards of Market Civilization. London; New York: Routledge, pp. 19–33.
6.
BowdenB (2009) The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
7.
BowdenB (2014) To rethink standards of civilisation, start with the end. Millennium42(3): 614–631.
8.
BowdenBSeabrookeL (eds) (2006) Global Standards of Market Civilization. London; New York: Routledge.
9.
BullH (1977) The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. London: Macmillan.
10.
BullH (1984) Justice in International Relations: The 1983–84 Hagey Lectures. Waterloo, ON, Canada: University of Waterloo.
11.
BullH (2000) The european international order. In: AldersonKHurrellA (eds) Hedley Bull on International Society. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 175–200.
12.
BullHWatsonA (eds) (1984) The Expansion of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13.
BuzanB (1993) From international system to international society: Structural realism and regime theory meet the English School. International Organization47(3): 327–352.
14.
BuzanB (2010) Culture and international society. International Affairs86(1): 1–25.
15.
BuzanB (2014) The ‘standard of civilisation’ as an English School concept. Millennium42(3): 576–594.
16.
BuzanBZhangY (eds) (2014) Contesting International Society in East Asia. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
17.
ClarkI (2009) Democracy in international society: Promotion or exclusion?Millennium - Journal of International Studies37(3): 563–581.
18.
CrawfordN (2002) Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
19.
CrawfordN (2017) Native Americans and the making of international society. In: DunneTReus-SmitC (eds) The Globalization of International Society. Malden, MA: Polity, pp. 102–121.
20.
DonnellyJ (1998) Human rights: A new standard of civilization?International Affairs74(1): 1–23.
21.
DunnKCNeumannIB (2016) Undertaking Discourse Analysis for Social Research. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
22.
EppR (1998) The English School on the Frontiers of international society: A hermeneutic recollection. Review of International Studies24: 47–63.
23.
EpsteinC (2008) The Power of Words in International Relations: Birth of an Anti-Whaling Discourse. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
24.
FidlerD (2001) The return of the standard of civilization. Chicago Journal of International Law2(1): 137–157.
25.
GölA (2013) Europe, Islam and Pax Ottomana, 1453–1774. In: SuzukiSQuirkJZhangY (eds) International Orders in the Early Modern World. London, New York: Routledge, pp. 34–54.
26.
GongG (1984) The Standard of ‘Civilization’ in International Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
27.
HallI (2014) Martin Wight, western values, and the Whig tradition of international thought. The International History Review36(5): 961–981.
28.
HansenL (2006) Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War. New York: Routledge.
29.
HobsonC (2008) Democracy as civilisation. Global Society22(1): 75–95.
30.
HobsonJM (2004) The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31.
HobsonJM (2009) Provincializing Westphalia: The Eastern origins of sovereignty. International Politics46(6): 671–690.
32.
HobsonJM (2012) The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760–2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33.
HobsonJM (2014) The twin self-delusions of IR: Why ‘hierarchy’ and not ‘anarchy’ is the core concept of IR. Millennium42(3): 557–575.
34.
HurrellA (2008) On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35.
JacksonR (1993) The weight of ideas in decolonization. In: GoldsteinJKeohaneR (eds) Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
36.
JacksonR (2000) The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
37.
KayaogluT (2010) Westphalian eurocentrism in international relations theory. International Studies Review12(2): 193–217.
38.
KealP (2003) European Conquest and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Moral Backwardness of International Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39.
KeeneE (2002) Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40.
KoskenniemiM (2001) The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law, 1870–1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41.
LinklaterA (2016) The ‘standard of civilisation’ in world politics. Social Character, Historical Processes 5(2). Available at http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.11217607.0005.205
42.
LinklaterA (2017) Violence and Civilization in the Western States-Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43.
MillikenJ (1999) The study of discourse in international relations: A critique of research and methods. European Journal of International Relations5(2): 225–254.
44.
MozaffariM (2002) Globalization, civilization and world order: A world-constructivist approach. In: MozaffariM (ed.) Globalization and Civilizations. London; New York: Routledge, pp. 24–50.
45.
NardinT (1983) Law, Morality, and the Relations of States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
46.
NeufeldM (1993) Interpretation and the ‘science’ of international relations. Review of International Studies19(1): 39–61.
47.
NeumannIB (2008) Discourse analysis. In: KlotzAPrakashD (eds) Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 61–77.
48.
NicolaidesKVergerioCFisher-OnarN, et al. (2014) From metropolis to microcosmos: The EU’s new standards of civilisation. Millennium42(3): 718–745.
49.
PearceyM (2016) The Exclusions of Civilization: Indigenous Peoples in the Story of International Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
50.
PhillipsA (2012) Saving civilization from empire: Belligerency, pacifism and the two faces of civilization during the Second Opium War. European Journal of International Relations18(1): 5–27.
51.
PhillipsA (2014) Civilising missions and the rise of international hierarchies in early modern Asia. Millennium42(3): 697–717.
52.
PhillipsA (2017) International systems. In: DunneTReus-SmitC (eds) The Globalization of International Society. Malden, MA: Polity, pp. 43–62.
53.
PhillipsASharmanJ (2015) International Order in Diversity: War, Trade and Rule in the Indian Ocean. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
54.
QuirkJRichardsonD (2014) Europeans, Africans and the Atlantic World. In: SuzukiSZhangYQuirkJ (eds) International Orders in the Early Modern World: Before the Rise of the West. London, New York: Routledge.
55.
Reus-SmitC (2011) Struggles for individual rights and the expansion of the international system. International Organization65(2): 207–242.
56.
Reus-SmitC (2013) Individual Rights and the Making of the International System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57.
Reus-SmitC (2018) On Cultural Diversity: International Theory in a World of Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
58.
StivachtisY (2008) Civilization and international society: The case of European Union expansion. Contemporary Politics14(1): 71–89.
59.
SuganamiH (1984) Japan’s entry into international society. In: BullHWatsonA (eds) The Expansion of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
60.
SuzukiS (2009) Civilization and Empire: China and Japan’s Encounter with European International Society. London; New York: Routledge.
61.
SuzukiSZhangYQuirkJ (eds) (2014) International Orders in the Early Modern World: Before the Rise of the West. London; New York: Routledge.
62.
TeittS (2017) Sovereignty as responsibility. In: DunneTReus-SmitC (eds) The Globalization of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
63.
VigneswaranD (2014) A corrupt international society: How Britain was duped into its first Indian conquest. In: SuzukiSZhangYQuirkJ (eds) International Orders in the Early Modern World: Before the Rise of the West. London, New York: Routledge.
64.
WatsonA (1992) The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis. London; New York: Routledge.
65.
WightM (1977) Systems of States. Leicester: Leicester University Press for the London School of Economics and Political Science.
66.
WightM (2002) Theory of mankind. In: International Theory the Three Traditions. London; New York: Continuum for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
67.
ZarakolA (2011) After Defeat: How the East Learned to Live With the West. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
68.
ZhangY (2001) System, empire and state in Chinese international relations. Review of International Studies27(5): 43–63.
69.
ZhangY (2014) The standard of ‘civilisation’ redux: Towards the expansion of international society 3.0. Millennium42: 674–696.
70.
ZhangY (2017) Worlding China, 1500–1800. In: DunneTReus-SmitC (eds) The Globalization of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 204–225.
