I describe my current thinking on two old questions—the causal role of appraisals and the relationship of appraisal theories to basic emotions theories and constructivist theories, and three (sort of) new questions—the completeness of appraisals, the role of language, and the development of automaticity in emotional responses.
ArnoldM. B. (1960). Emotion and personality: Vol. 1, Psychological aspects. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
2.
AverillJ. R. (1980a). A constructivist view of emotions. In PlutchikR.KellermanH. (Eds.), Theories of emotion (pp. 305–340). New York, NY: Academic Press.
3.
AverillJ. R. (1980b). On the paucity of positive emotions. In BlankensteinK. R.PlinerP.PolivyJ. (Eds.), Advances in the study of communication and affect, Vol. 6: Assessment and modification of emotional behavior (pp. 7–45). New York, NY: Plenum.
4.
BarrettL. F. (2006a). Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 20–46.
5.
BarrettL. F. (2006b). Emotions as natural kinds?Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 28–58.
6.
BerlinB.KayP. (1969). Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
7.
BloomP. (2004). Descartes’ baby: How the science of child development explains what makes us human. New York, NY: Basic Books.
8.
BosterJ.D’AndradeR.EllsworthP. C. (2012). The structure of feelings. Unpublished manuscript.
9.
BriggsJ. L. (1970). Never in anger: Portrait of an Eskimo family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10.
CamposJ.BertenthalB.KermoianR. (1992). Early experience and emotional development: The emergence of wariness of heights. Psychological Science, 3, 61–64.
11.
DarwinC. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London, UK: Murray.
12.
DweckC. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York, NY: Random House.
13.
EllsworthP. C. (1991). Some implications of cognitive appraisals of emotion. In StrongmanK. T. (Ed.), International review of studies of emotion (pp. 143–161). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
14.
EllsworthP. C. (1994a). Sense, culture, and sensibility. In KitayamaS.MarkusH. (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 23–50). Washington, DC: APA.
15.
EllsworthP. C. (1994b). Levels of thought and levels of emotion. In EkmanP.DavidsonR. J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 192–196). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
16.
EllsworthP. C. (1994c). Some reasons to expect universal antecedents of emotion. In EkmanP.DavidsonR. J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 150–154). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
17.
EllsworthP. C. (2007). Appraisals, emotions, and adaptation. In ForgasJ. P.HaseltonM. G.von HippelW. (Eds.), Evolution and the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and social cognition (pp. 71–88). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
18.
EllsworthP. C.SchererK. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In DavidsonR. J.GoldsmithH.SchererK. R. (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572–595). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
19.
FrijdaN. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
20.
FrijdaN. (1993). The place of appraisal in emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 1, 357–388.
21.
FrijdaN. (1994). Universal antecedents exist, and are interesting. In EkmanP.DavidsonR. J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 155–162). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
22.
FrijdaN.ZeelenbergM. (2001). Appraisal: What is the dependent? In SchorrA.SchererK. R.JohnstonT. (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 141–156). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
23.
GouldS. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man: Revised edition. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
24.
IzardC. E.FantauzzoC. A.CastleJ. M.HaynesO. M.RayiasM. F.PutnamP. H. (1995). The ontogeny and significance of infants’ facial expressions in the first 9 months of life. Developmental Psychology, 31, 997–1020.
25.
JamesW. (1884). What is an emotion?Mind, 9, 188–205.
26.
Johnson-LairdP. N.OatleyK. (2000). Cognitive and social construction in emotions. In LewisM.Haviland-JonesJ. M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 458–475). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
27.
KaganJ. (1991). A conceptual analysis of the affects. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 39, 109–129.
28.
KeltnerD.EllsworthP. C.EdwardsK. (1993). Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 740–752.
29.
LarsenJ. T.McGrawA. P. (2011). Further evidence for mixed emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1095–1110.
30.
LernerJ. S.KeltnerD. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 473–493.
31.
MaslachC. (1979). Negative emotional biasing of unexplained arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 953–969.
32.
MesquitaB.LeuJ. (2007). The cultural psychology of emotions. In KitayamaS.CohenD. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 734–759). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
33.
MoorsA. (2013). On the causal role of appraisal in emotion. Emotion Review, 5, 132–140.
34.
NesseR. M.EllsworthP. C. (2009). Evolution, emotions, and emotional disorders. American Psychologist, 64, 164–174.
35.
NiedenthalP.Krauth-GruberS.RicF. (2006). Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, cognitive, and experiential approaches. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
36.
NiiyaY.EllsworthP. C. (2012). Acceptability of favor requests in the United States and Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, 273–285.
37.
NiiyaY.EllsworthP. C.YamaguchiS. (2006). Amae in Japan and the U.S: An exploration of a “culturally unique” emotion. Emotion, 6, 279–295.
38.
OrtonyA.TurnerT. J. (1990). What’s so basic about basic emotions?Psychological Review, 97, 315–331.
39.
PlutchikR. (1980). Emotion: A psychobioevolutionary synthesis. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
40.
RaichleM. E.SnyderA. Z. (2007). A default mode of brain function: A brief history of an evolving idea. Neuroimage, 37, 1083–1090.
41.
RobinsonM. D.CloreG. L. (2002). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 934–960.
42.
RosemanI. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. In ShaverP. (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, Vol. 5: Emotions, relationships, and health (pp. 11–36). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
43.
RossL. D.NisbettR. E. (1991). The person and the situation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
44.
SchachterS.SingerJ. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379–399.
45.
SchererK. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In SchererK. R.EkmanP. (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293–318). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
46.
SchererK. R. (1994). Toward a concept of “modal emotions.” In EkmanP.DavidsonR. J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 25–31). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
47.
SchererK. R. (2013). The nature and dynamics of relevance and valence appraisals: Theoretical advances and recent evidence. Emotion Review, 5, 150–162.
48.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (10th ed.). (2002). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
49.
SmithC. A.EllsworthP. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.
50.
TardifT.GelmanS. A.XuF. (1999). Putting the “noun bias” in context: A comparison of Mandarin and English. Child Development, 70, 120–135.
51.
WhiteR. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297–333.
52.
WundtW. (1902). Grundzuge der Phsyiologischen Psychologie: Vol. 2. [Fundamentals of physiological psychology] (5th ed.). Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelmann. (Original work published 1874)
53.
ZajoncR. J. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151–175.