Editorial: On the selective inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2: Do we have a last word?

Bombardier, C. , Laine, L. , Reicin, A. , Shapiro, D. , Burgos-Vargas, R. , Davis, B. et al. (2000) Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med 343(21): 1520-1528.

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Cannon, C.P. , Curtis, S.P. , FitzGerald, G.A. , Krum, H. , Kaur, A. , Bolognese, J.A. et al. (2006) Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long-term (MEDAL) programme: a randomized comparison. Lancet 368(9349): 1771-1781.

Catella-Lawson, F. , McAdam, B. , Morrison, B.W. , Kapoor, S. , Kujubu, D. , Antes, L. et al. (1999) Effects of specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 on sodium balance, hemodynamics, and vasoactive eicosanoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289(2): 735-741.

Farkouh, M.E. , Greenbert, J.D. , Jeger, R.V. , Ramanathan, K. , Verheugt, F.W. , Chesebro, J.H. et al. (2007) Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients with osteoarthritis treated with ibuprofen, naproxen, or lumiracoxib. Ann Rheum Dis 66(6): 764-770.

FitzGerald, G.A. and Patrona, C. (2001) The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 . N Engl J Med 345(6): 433-442.

Grosser, T. , Fries, S. and Fitzgerald, G.A. (2006) Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest 116(1): 4-15.

Kearney, P.M. , Baigent, C. , Godwin, J. , Halls, H. , Emberson, J.R. and Patrono, C. (2006) Do selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitos and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ 332(7553): 1302-1208.

Lewington, S. , Clark, R. , Qizilbash, N. , Peto, R. , Collins, R. , Prospective Studies Collaboration . (2002) Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 360(9349): 1903-1913.

Mamdani, M. , Rochon, P. , Juurlink, D.N. , Anderson, G.M. , Kopp, A. , Naglie, G. et al. (2003) Effect of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and naproxen on short-term risk of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly . Arch Intern Med 163(4): 481-486.

McAdam, B.F. , Catella-Lawson, F. , Mardini, I.A. , Kapoor, S. , Lawson, J.A. and FitzGerald, G.A. (1999) Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: The human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(1): 272-277. [Erratum, Proc Natl Acad Sci 1999; 96:5890.]

Morita, I. (2002) Distinct functions of COX-1 and COX-2. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 68-69: 165-175.

Rahme, E. , Pilote, L. and LeLorier, J. (2002) Association between naproxen use and protection against acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 162(10): 1111-1115.

Ray, W.A. , Stein, C.M. , Hall, K. , Daugherty, J.R. and Griffin, M.R. (2002) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of serious coronary heart disease: an observational cohort study. Lancet 359(9301): 118-123.

Schwartz, J.I. , Vandormael, K. , Malice, M.P. , Kalyani, R.N. , Lasseter, K.C. , Holmes, G.B. et al. (2002) Comparison of rofecoxib, celecoxib, and naproxen on renal function in elderly subjects receiving a normal-salt diet . Clin Pharmacol Ther 72(1): 50-61.

Silverstein, F.E. , Faich, G. , Goldstein, J.L. , Simon, L.S. , Pincus, T. , Whelton, A. et al. (2000) Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study. A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA 284(10): 1247-1255.

Solomon, D.H. , Glynn, R.J. , Levinm, R. and Avorn, J. (2002) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 162(10): 1099-1104.

Solomon, S.D. , McMurray, J.J. , Pfeffer, M.A. , Wittes, J. , Fowler, R. , Finn, P. , Anderson, W.F. et al. (2005) Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 352(11): 1071-1080.

Weber, F.M. , Julius. S. , Kjeldsen, S.E. , Brunner, H.R. , Ekman, S. , Hansson, L. et al. (2004) Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of antihypertensive treatment in clinical events in the VALUE trial . Lancet 363: 2045-2051.

White, W.B. , Kent, J. , Taylor, A. , Verburg, K.M. , Lefkowith, J.B. and Whelton, A. (2002) Effects of celecoxib on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients on ACE inhibitors. Hypertension 39(4): 929-934.