The following article has been retracted at the request of the Journal Editor and Publisher:
Xiong W, Ma H, Zhang Z, et al. The protective effect of icariin and phosphorylated icariin against LPS-induced intestinal goblet cell dysfunction. Innate Immunity. 2019; 26(2): 97–106. doi:10.1177/1753425919867746
The Journal Editor and Sage were contacted by a reader with concerns about data errors in the article. Sage contacted the authors for comments, but the authors were not able to resolve the concerns raised.
After an internal investigation Sage became aware that the peer-review process for this article had been compromised and contains indicators of third-party involvement.
As the article was accepted because of a peer-review process that did not meet Sage’s expectations of high quality and ethical peer-review, the publisher cannot uphold the integrity of the research. In line with COPE guidelines and Sage policies, this article has been retracted.
Authors W. X. and Z. W. disagreed with the decision to retract when informed. The remaining authors did not respond.
References
1.
De SantisSCavalcantiEMastronardiM, et al.Nutritional keys for intestinal barrier modulation.Front Immunol2015;
6: 612.
2.
TurnerJR.Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease.Nat Rev Immunol2009;
9(11): 799–809.
3.
KimYSHoSB.Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: recent insights and progress.Current Gastroenterol Rep2010;
12(5): 319–330.
4.
JohanssonMESjövallHHanssonGC.The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease.Nature Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2013;
10(6): 352–361.
5.
ErmundASchütteAJohanssonME, et al.Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon. I. Gastrointestinal mucus layers have different properties depending on location as well as over the Peyer's patches.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2013;
305(5): G341–G347.
6.
Holmén LarssonJMThomssonKARodriguez-PineiroAM, et al.Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon. III. Gastrointestinal Muc5ac and Muc2 mucin O-glycan patterns reveal a regiospecific distribution.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2013;
305(5): G357–G363.
7.
NivY.Mucin genes expression in the intestine of Crohn's disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Liver Dis2016;
25(3): 351–357.
8.
AshidaHOgawaMKimM, et al.Bacteria and host interactions in the gut epithelial barrier.Nat Chem Biol2011;
8(1): 36–45.
9.
JohanssonMEGustafssonJKHolmén-LarssonJ, et al.Bacteria penetrate the normally impenetrable inner colon mucus layer in both murine colitis models and patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut2014;
63(2): 281–291.
10.
Van der SluisMDe KoningBADe BruijnAC, et al.Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection.Gastroenterology2006;
131(1): 117–129.
11.
McGuckinMALindénSKSuttonP, et al.Mucin dynamics and enteric pathogens.Nat Rev Microbiol2011;
9(4): 265–278.
12.
HasnainSZTauroSDasI, et al.IL-10 promotes production of intestinal mucus by suppressing protein misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress in goblet cells.Gastroenterology2013;
144(2): 357–368 e9.
13.
BäumlerAJSperandioV.Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut. Nature2016;
535(7610): 85–93.
14.
XavierRJPodolskyDK.Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature2007;
448(7152): 427–434.
TaoSDuanmuYDongH, et al.A high-concentrate diet induced colonic epithelial barrier disruption is associated with the activating of cell apoptosis in lactating goats.BMC Vet Res2014;
10: 235.
17.
PolissiASperandeoP.The lipopolysaccharide export pathway in Escherichia coli: structure, organization and regulated assembly of the Lpt machinery.Mar Drugs2014;
12(2): 1023–1042.
18.
BeinAZilbershteinAGolosovskyM, et al.LPS induces hyper-permeability of intestinal epithelial cells.J Cell Physiol2017;
232(2): 381–390.
19.
AlangariAAlsultanAAdlyN, et al.LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency.J Allergy Clin Immunol2012;
130(2): 481–488 e2.
20.
HavsteenBH.The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids.Pharmacol Therapeut2002;
96(2–3): 67–202.
21.
LiHFGuanXYYangWZ, et al.Antioxidant flavonoids from Epimedium wushanense.Fitoterapia2012;
83(1): 44–48.
22.
BlennowANielsenTHBaunsgaardL, et al.Starch phosphorylation: a new front line in starch research.Trends Plant Sci2002;
7(10): 445–450.
23.
DengCFuHXuJ, et al.Physiochemical and biological properties of phosphorylated polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata.Int J Biol Macromol2015;
72: 894–899.
24.
XiongWZhangWYuanW, et al.Phosphorylation of icariin can alleviate the oxidative stress caused by the duck hepatitis virus a through mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways.Front Microbiol2017;
8: 1850.
25.
XiongWMaXWuY, et al.Determine the structure of phosphorylated modification of icariin and its antiviral activity against duck hepatitis virus A.BMC Vet Res2015;
11: 205.
26.
TaoSSunQCaiL, et al.
Caspase-1-dependent mechanism mediating the harmful impacts of the quorum-sensing molecule N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone on the intestinal cells.J Cell Physiol2019;
234(4): 3621–3633.
27.
WangYYSunSPZhuHS, et al.
GABA regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of MAC-T cells through the LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway.Res Vet Sci2018;
118: 395–402.
28.
TaoSLuoYBinH, et al.
Paraoxonase 2 modulates a proapoptotic function in LS174T cells in response to quorum sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. Sci Rep2016;
6: 28778.
29.
MayeuxPR.Pathobiology of lipopolysaccharide.J Toxicol Environ Health1997;
51(5): 415–435.
30.
VerdugoP.Goblet cells secretion and mucogenesis.Annu Rev Physiol1990;
52: 157–176.
31.
ZhaoZQuWWangK, et al.
Bisphenol A inhibits mucin 2 secretion in intestinal goblet cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.Biomed Pharmacother2019;
111: 901–908. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.007
32.
TaoSNiuLCaiL, et al.
N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone modulates mitochondrial function and suppresses proliferation in intestinal goblet cells.Life Sci2018;
201: 81–88.
33.
MorozovVBorkowskiJHanischFG.The double face of mucin-type O-glycans in lectin-mediated infection and immunity. Molecules2018;
23(5): pii: E1151.
34.
HarrisJFAdenJLyonsCR, et al.Resolution of LPS-induced airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia is independent of IL-18.Respir Res2007;
8: 24.
35.
TowardTJBroadleyKJ.Goblet cell hyperplasia, airway function, and leukocyte infiltration after chronic lipopolysaccharide exposure in conscious Guinea pigs: effects of rolipram and dexamethasone.J Pharmacol Exp Ther2002;
302(2): 814–821.
36.
ChoiJKlinkspoorJHYoshidaT, et al.Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli stimulates mucin secretion by cultured dog gallbladder epithelial cells.Hepatology1999;
29(5): 1352–1357.
37.
EnssMLMullerHSchmidt-WittigU, et al.Effects of perorally applied endotoxin on colonic mucins of germfree rats.Scand J Gastroenterol1996;
31(9): 868–874.
38.
ShimizuTTakahashiYTakeuchiK, et al.Role of neutrophil elastase in endotoxin-induced mucus hypersecretion in rat nasal epithelium.Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2000;
109(11): 1049–1054.
39.
MinamiyamaYIchikawaHTakemuraS, et al.Generation of reactive oxygen species in sperms of rats as an earlier marker for evaluating the toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.Free Radic Res2010;
44(12): 1398–1406.
40.
ZengQYiHHuangL, et al.Long-term arsenite exposure induces testicular toxicity by redox imbalance, G2/M cell arrest and apoptosis in mice.Toxicology2019;
411: 122–132.
41.
LeiJWeiYSongP, et al.Cordycepin inhibits LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress.Eur J Pharmacol2018;
818: 110–114.
42.
ShahSAKhanMJoMH, et al.Melatonin stimulates the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway counteracting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress to rescue postnatal rat brain.CNS Neurosci Ther2017;
23(1): 33–44.
43.
RezaeyanAFardidR, Haddadiet al.
Evaluating radioprotective effect of hesperidin on acute radiation damage in the lung tissue of rats. J Biomed Phys Eng2016;
6(3): 165–174.
44.
BrynskovJFoeghPPedersenG, et al.
Tumour necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE) activity in the colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut2002;
51(1): 37–43.
45.
HaradaASekidoNAkahoshiT, et al.Essential involvement of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in acute inflammation.J Leukoc Biol1994;
56(5): 559–64.
46.
SmirnovaMGGuoLBirchallJP, et al.LPS up-regulates mucin and cytokine mRNA expression and stimulates mucin and cytokine secretion in goblet cells.Cell Immunol2003;
221(1): 42–49.
47.
HasnainSZLourieRDasI, et al.The interplay between endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation.Immunol Cell Biol2012;
90(3): 260–270.
48.
SongSTanJMiaoY, et al.Crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis: Involvement of the dual role of autophagy under ER stress.J Cell Physiol2017;
232(11): 2977–2984.
49.
KangSJLeeYJKangSG, et al.Caspase-4 is essential for saikosaponin a-induced apoptosis acting upstream of caspase-2 and gamma-H2AX in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget2017;
8(59):100433–100448.
