Isolation and Cohort Care

National Audit Office. The management and control of hospital acquired infection in acute NHS trusts in England. HC 230 Session 1999–00. Feb 2000.

NHS Estates. Facilities for critical care (HBN 57). London: The Stationery Office 2003.

Siegel JD Rhinehart ER Jackson M : the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee of the Centres for Disease Control. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/mdroGuideline2006.pdf.

Montecalvo MA Jarvis WR Uman J Infection-control measures reduce transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting. Ann Int Med 1999; 131: 269–72.

Jernigan JA Titus MG Dieter HM . Effectiveness of contact isolation during a hospital outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 143: 496–503.

Vincent J-L Bihari DJ Suter PM The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) study. JAMA 1995; 274: 639–44.

National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 2004; 32: 470–85.

Cosgrove SE Sakoulas G Perencevich EN Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 53–9.

Melzer M Eykyn SJ Gransden WR Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus more virulent than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus? A comparative cohort study of British patients with nosocomial infection and bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1453–1460.

The Brooklyn Antibiotic Resistance Task Force. The cost of antibiotic resistance: effect of resistance among Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on length of hospital stay. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23: 106–8.

DiazGranados CA Zimmer SM Klein M Comparison of mortality associated with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 327–33.

Cosgrove SE Kaye KS Eliopoulous GM Health and economic outcomes of the emergence of third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacter species. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 185–90.

Muto CA Jernigan JA Ostrowsky BE SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24: 362–86.

Bonten MJM Slaughter S Ambergen AW The role of ‘colonisation pressure’ in the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 1127–1132.

Harris AD McGregor JC Furuno JP . What infection control interventions should be undertaken to control multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria? Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 43: S57–61.

Blumberg LH Klugman KP . Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in high-risk areas. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 82–5.

Girou E Pujade G Legrand P Selective screening of carriers for control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in high-risk hospital areas with a high level of endemic MRSA. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 543–50.

Cooper BS Stone SP Kibbler CC Systematic review of isolation policies in the hospital management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review of the literature with epidemiological and economic modelling. Health Technology Assessment 2003; 7: 1–194.

Cepeda JA Whitehouse T Cooper B Isolation of patients in single rooms or cohorts to reduce spread of MRSA in intensive-care units: prospective two-centre study. Lancet 2005; 365: 295–304.

Mulin B Rouget C Clement C Association of private isolation rooms with ventilator-associated Acinetobacter baumanii pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 499–503.

McManus AT Mason AD Jr McManus WF A decade of reduced gram-negative infections and mortality associated with improved isolation of burned patients. Arch Surg 1994; 129: 1306–9.

Preston GA Larson EL Stamm WE . The effect of private isolation rooms on patient care practices, colonisation and infection in an intensive care unit. Am J Med 1981; 70 (3): 641–5.

Coia JE Duckworth JG Edwards DI , for the Joint Working Party of The British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, the Hospital Infection Society and the Infection Control Nurses Association. Guidelines for the control and prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities. J Hosp Infect 2006; 63S: S1–44.

Department of Health. The Health Act 2006: Code of practice for the prevention and control of health care associated infections, October 2006.

Salmenlinna S Lyytkainen O Kotilainen P Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Finland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000; 19: 101–7.

Verhoef J Beaujean D Blok H A Dutch approach to methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18: 461–6.

Harbarth S Masuet-Aumatell C Schrenzel J Evaluation of rapid screening and pre-emptive contact isolation for detecting and controlling methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in critical care: an interventional cohort study. Crit Care 2006; 10: R25.

Siegel JD Rhinehart E , Jackson M and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee of the Centres for Disease Control. Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf.

Evans HL Shaffer MM Hughes MG Contact isolation in surgical patients: a barrier to care? Surgery 2003; 134: 180–188.

Kirkland KB Weinstein JM . Adverse effects of contact isolation. Lancet 1999; 354: 177–8.

Stelfox HT Bates DW Redelmeier DA . Safety of patients isolated for infection control. JAMA 2003; 290: 1899–1905.

Cookson BD Macrae MB Barrett SP ; Combined working party of the Hospital Infection Society and the Infectious Control Nurses' Association. Guidelines for the control of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2006; 62: 6–21.

Health Protection Agency Working Party Guidance on the Control of multi-resistant Acinetobacter Outbreaks, 2006. http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/acinetobacter_b/Guidance.pdf.

Department of Health Public Health Laboratory Service. The Prevention and management of Clostridium difficile infection: a report by the Joint DH/PHLS Working Group 1994. www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/clostridium_difficile/C_diff_report_1994.pdf.

Healthcare Commission. Management, prevention and surveillance of Clostridium difficile. 2005. www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/clostridium_difficile/InterimReport05.pdf.

Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of practice 2000. Thorax 2000; 55: 887–901.

Health Protection Agency Pandemic Influenza Contingency Plan. 2005. www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/influenza/pandemic/fluplan.htm.

World Health Organisation (WHO). Hospital Infection Control Guidance for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 2003. www.who.int/csr/sars/infectioncontrol/.

Lim WS Anderson SR , Read RC on behalf of the SARS guidelines committees of the British Thoracic Society, the British Infection Society and the Health Protection Agency. Hospital Management of adults with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) if SARS re-emerges, 2004. www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/sars-hospmgtadults.pdf.