Emergence Delirium: A Literature Review

Aitkenhead A R , Smith J 1996 Textbook of Anaesthesia, Third Edition. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone

Anderson E A 1987 Pre-operative preparation for cardiac surgery facilitates recovery, reduces psychological distress and reduces the incidence of acute post-operative hypertension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 55(4) 513–20

Asbjorn J , Jakobsen B W , Pilegaard H K 1989 Mental Function in elderly men after surgery during epidural anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Skandinavia. 33(5) 369–73

Auerbach S M , Martinelli M F , and Mercuri L G 1983 Anxiety, information, interpersonal impacts and adjustments to a stressful healthcare situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 1284–96

Bedford P D 1955 Adverse effects of anaesthesia in the elderly. Lancet 11 259–73

Boore J R P 1978 Prescription for Recovery. London, RCN.

Blundell E 1967 A psychological study of the effects of surgery on eighty six elderly patients. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 6(4) 297–203

Cochran R M 1984 Psychological preparation of patients for surgical procedures. Patient Education and counselling. 5 153–158

Davison L A , Steinhelber J C , Eger E L 1975 Psychological effects of halothane and isoflurane anaesthesia. Anaesthesiology 43 212–24

Gibson H B 1996 Psychology, Pain & Anaesthesia. London, Chapman & Hall

Hodge D 1994 Introduction to Day Surgery. Surgical Nurse 7(2) 12–16

Grove T M 1996 Management of Problems in the Post Anaesthesia Care Unit Part 1. Current Reviews for Nurse Anaesthetists. 18 147–151

Hayward J 1975 Information: A Prescription Against Pain. London, RCN

Hole A , Terjesen T , and Breivik H 1980 Epidural versus general anaesthesia for tota1 hip arthoplasty in elderly patients. Acta Anaesthetsesiologica Scandinavia 24(4) 279–287

Janis L 1958 Psychological Stress - Psychoanalytical and Behavioural Studies of Surgical Patients. New York, Wiley

Janis L 1971 Stress and Frustration. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

Jarrett P E M 1995 Day Case Surgery. Surgery. 13(1) 5–7

Klausen N O , Wiberg-Jorgensen F , Chraemmer-Jorgensen B 1983 Psychomimetic reactions after low dose ketamine infusion. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 55(4) 297–301

Langer E J , Janis I L , Wolfer J A 1975 Reduction of Psychological Stress in Surgical Patients. J Exp Soc Psychol: 11 155–165

Lazarus R S , & Averill J R 1972 Emotion and cognition with special reference to anxiety. Current Trends in Theory and Research. New York, NY Academic Press.

Levanthal H , & Johnson E 1971 Contribution of emotional and instrumentation response adaptation to surgery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 20 55–64

Litwack K 1991 Post Anaesthetic Nursing Care. Mosby Year Book 206–208

Martin D 1996 Pre-operative visits to reduce anxiety: a study. Nursing Standard. 10(23) 33–38

Matthews A , & Ridgeway V 1984 Psychological Preparation for Surgery, in Health Care and Human Behaviour, (eds A Steptoe & A Matthews) London, Academic Press

Meagher T 1988 The Incidence of emergence excitement; a descriptive study. J Post Anaes Nurs 3(4) 247–253

Mesulam M M , & Geschwind N 1976 Disordered mental states in the postoperative period. Urologic Clinics of North America 3 199–215

Mitchell M J 1994 Pre-operative and post-operative psychological nursing care. Surgical Nurse 7(3) 22–25

Morrell R C , & Eichorn 1997 Patient Safety in Anaesthetic Practice. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone

Morris J , & Royal G T 1988 Offering patients a choice of surgery for early breast cancer: a reduction in anxiety and depression in patients and their husbands. Social Science and Medicine. 26(5) 583–585

Nielson W R , Gelb A W , Casey J E 1990 Long term cognitive and social sequelae of general versus regional anaesthesia during arthroplasty in the elderly. Anaesthesiology 73 1103–1109

NHS 1993, Management Executive Day Surgery Taskforce Report. London, HMSO

Oakley A 1984 What price professionalism? The importance of being a nurse. Nursing Times 80(50) 24–27

Rose D K 1996 Recovery Room Problems or Problems in the PACU. Can J Anaesth 43(5) 116–122

Sedhom A W , & Black E E 1997 Violent emergence from anaesthesia. Is it a pharmacological or psychological reaction? Anaesthesia Progress 44(4) 142–143

Salmon P 1992a Psychological factors in surgical stress: Implications for management. Clinical Psychology Review (7) 681–704

Storms L H , Stark A H , Calverly R K , & Smith N T 1980 Psychological functioning after halothane or enflurane anaesthesia. Anaesthesia and Analgesia 59 245–9

UKCC 1986 A New Preparation for Practice: Report of Project 2000. London, UKCC

Vender J S , & Speiss B D 1996 Post Anaesthesia Care. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company

Waterman H , & Grabham J 1993 Assessing Patients’ Fears, British Journal of Theatre Nursing. 3 (7) 10–14

Waterworth S , & Luker K 1990 Reluctant Collaborators: do patients want to be involved in decisions concerning care? Journal of Advanced Nursing. 15 (8) 971–976

Webber G C 1990 Patient education: a review of the issues. Medical Care 28(11) 1089–1103

Wicker P 1995 Preoperative Visiting – Making it Work. British Journal of Theatre Nursing 5(7) 16–19

Wilson-Barnett J 1979 Stress in Hospital: Patients’ Psychological Reactions to Illness and Health Care. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone