Perioperative hypothermia can be followed by severe complications. The greatest proportion of temperature decrease is attributed to heat redistribution, which mainly occurs during the first hour of anaesthesia and is difficult to treat intraoperatively. Prewarming, based on active warming techniques, has been proposed. Even a short period of prewarming may significantly increase peripheral tissue temperature, minimise normal core-to-peripheral temperature gradient, and keep core temperature within normal limits.
ColinJ, TimbalJ, HoudasY, BoutelierC, GuieuJD1971Computation of Mean Body Temperature from Rectal and Skin TemperaturesJournal of Applied Physiology31(3) 484–489
5.
DefinaJ, LincolnJ1998Prevalence of Inadvertent Hypothermia During the Perioperative Period: a quality assurance and performance improvement studyJournal of Perianesthesia Nursing13(4) 229–235
6.
FossumS, HaysJ, HensonMM2001A Comparison Study on the Effects of Prewarming in the Outpatient Surgery SettingJournal of Perianesthesia Nursing16(3) 187–194
7.
FrankSM, HigginsMS, BreslowMJ1995The Catecholamine, Cortisol and Hemodynamic Responses to Mild Perioperative Hypothermia: a randomized clinical trialAnesthesiology82(1) 83–93
8.
FrankSM, El-RahmanyHK, CattaneoCG, BarnesRA2000Predictors of Hypothermia During Spinal AnesthesiaAnesthesiology92(5) 1330–1334
9.
GiesbrechtGG, DucharmeMB, McGuireJ1994Comparison of Forced-air Patient Warming Systems for Perioperative UseAnesthesiology80(3) 671–679
HynsonJ, SesslerDI, MoayeriA, McGuireJ, SchroederM1993The Effects of Preinduction Warming on Temperature and Blood Pressure During Propofol/Nitrous Oxide AnesthesiaAnesthesiology79(2) 219–228
12.
JustB, TrevienV, DelvaE, LienhartA1993Prevention of Intraoperative Hypothermia by Preoperative Skin-surface WarmingAnesthesiology79(2) 214–218
LeslieK, SesslerDI, BjorkstenAR, MoayeriA1995Mild Hypothermia Alters Propofol Pharmacokinetics and Increases the Duration of Action of AtracuriumAnesthesia Analgesia80(5) 1007–1014
17.
MatsukawaT, SesslerDI, SesslerAM, SchroederM, OzakiM, KurzA, ChengC1995a Heat Flow and Distribution During Induction of General AnesthesiaAnesthesiology82(3) 662–673
18.
MatsukawaT, SesslerDI, ChristensenR, OzakiM, SchroederM1995b Heat Flow and Distribution During Epidural AnesthesiaAnesthesiology83(5) 961–967
19.
RamanathanNL1964A New Weighting System for Mean Surface Temperature of the Human BodyJournal of Applied Physiology19(1) 531–533
20.
RubinsteinEH, SesslerDI1990Skin-surface Temperature Gradients Correlate with Fingertip Blood Flow in HumansAnesthesiology73(3) 541–545
21.
SchmiedH, KurzA, SesslerDI, KozekS, ReiterA1996Mild Hypothermia Increases Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirements During Total Hip ArthroplastyLancet347(8997) 289–292
22.
SesslerDI, RubinsteinEH, MoayeriA1991Physiologic Responses to Mild Perianesthetic Hypothermia in HumansAnesthesiology75(4) 594–610
23.
SesslerDI, SchroederM, MerrifieldB, MatsukawaT, ChengC1995Optimal Duration and Temperature of PrewarmingAnesthesiology82(3) 674–681
24.
SesslerDI1997Mild Perioperative HypothermiaNew England Journal of Medicine336(24) 1730–1737
SesslerDI2001Complications and Treatment of Mild HypothermiaAnesthesiology95(2) 531–543
27.
VanniSM, BrazJR, ModoloNS, AmorimRB, RodriguesGR2003Preoperative Combined with Intraoperative Skin-surface Warming Avoids Hypothermia Caused by General Anesthesia and SurgeryJournal of Clinical Anesthesia15(2) 119–125
28.
WelchTC2002A Common Sense Approach to HypothermiaAANA Journal70(3) 227–231
29.
WinklerM, AkcaO, BirkenbergB2000Aggressive Warming Reduces Blood Loss During Hip ArthroplastyAnesthesia Analgesia91(4) 978–984
