This article critically engages with the concepts of home, nationality and belonging by evaluating explanations of (e)migration of mid-20th century Irish working class men. We do this by suggesting that contemporary approaches to Irish (e)migration employ ‘containing’ categories that frame the possibilities of knowing and understanding. We problematize such approaches by examining notions of home/homelessness and the ambivalent racialization of the diasporian Irish male subject within the dynamic intersection of categories of ‘self’ identification. Within an Irish context, this article recognizes that representations of generations of emigrants have been subsumed under hegemonic images of post-Famine emigration with their overarching motif of exile. Within a British context this analysis is located within a broader epistemological frame of the cultural production of the conceptual invisibility of Irish transnational migrants. Finally, the article concludes by suggesting that theoretical and conceptual frames are themselves involved in the regulation/control of understandings of (e)migration.
Abbarno, J.M. (ed.) (1999) The Ethics of Homelessness: Philosophical Perspectives. Amsterdam : Editions Rodopi B. V.
2.
Althusser, L. ( 1971) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Translated by B. Brewster. London: Verso.
3.
Arrowsmith, A. ( 1999) ‘M/otherlands: Literature, Gender, Diasporic Identity’ , in S. Brewster et al. (eds), Ireland in Proximity: History, Gender, Space, pp. 129-44. London : Routledge.
4.
Arrowsmith, A. ( 2004) ‘"To fly by those nets": Violence and Identity in Tom Murphy’s A Whistle in the Dark’, Irish University Review34(2): 315-31.
5.
Balibar, E. and Wallerstein, I. (eds) (1991) Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. London: Verso.
6.
Bammer, A. ( 1992) ‘Editorial’, New Formation: The Question of Home17(Summer): vii-xi.
7.
Bauman, Z. ( 2000) Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
8.
Bell, D. ( 1988) ‘Ireland without Frontiers? The Challenge of the Communications Revolution’, in R. Kearney (ed.), Across the Frontiers: Ireland in the 1990s, pp. 219-30. Dublin: Wolfhound Press.
9.
Bell, D. ( 1993) ‘Culture and Politics in Ireland: Postmodern Revisions’ , History of European Ideas, 16(1/3): 141-6.
10.
Benjamin, W. ( 1997) One Way Street, and Other Writings. London: Verso.
11.
Bielenberg, A. (ed.) (2000) The Irish Diaspora. London: Longman .
12.
Bhabha, H.K. ( 1983) ‘Difference, Discrimination and the Discourse of Colonialism’, in F. Barker et al. (eds), The Politics of Theory: Proceedings of the Essex Conference on the Sociology of Literature, July 1982, pp. 194-211. Colchester : University of Essex.
13.
Blunt, A. and Dowling, R. ( 2006) Home. London: Routledge.
14.
Bourdieu, P. ( 1985) ‘The Genesis of the Concepts of Habitus and Field’ , Sociocriticism2(2): 11-24.
15.
Brah, A. ( 1996) Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities. London: Routledge.
16.
Brah, A., Hickman, M. and Mac an Ghaill, M. (eds) (1999) Global Futures: Migration, Environment and Globalisation . London: Macmillan.
17.
Brennan, T. ( 1990) ‘The National Longing for Form’, in H. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration, pp. 44-70. London: Routledge.
18.
Butler, J. ( 1993) ‘Endangered/Endangering: Schematic Racism and White Paranoia’, in R. Gooding-Williams (ed.), Reading Rodney King: Reading Urban Uprising, pp. 15-22. London : Routledge.
19.
Cairns, D. and Richards, S. ( 1988) Writing Ireland: Colonialism, Nationalism and Culture . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
20.
Canavan, B. (1994) ‘Story-Telling and Writers: Irish Identity in Emigrant Labourers’ Autobiographies, 1870-1970’, in P. O’Sullivan (ed.), The Irish World Wide: History, Heritage, Identity. Volume 3, The Creative Migrant, pp. 154-69. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
21.
Cleary, J. ( 2007) Outrageous Fortunes: Capital and Culture in Modern Ireland . Dublin: Field Day Publications .
22.
Connolly, C. ( 2001) ‘Theorizing Ireland’, Irish Studies Review9(3): 301-15.
23.
Connolly, C. et al. (1995) ‘The Irish Issue: TheBritish Question’, Feminist Review50(1/4): 5-19.
24.
Connolly, L. ( 2001) The Irish Women’s Movement: From Revolution to Devolution . London: Macmillan/ Palgrave.
25.
Connolly, L. ( 2004) ‘The Limits of "Irish Studies": Historicism, Culturalism and Paternalism’, Irish Studies Review12(2): 139-62.
26.
Coulter, C. ( 2003) ‘The End of Irish History? An Introduction to the Book’, in C. Coulter and S. Coleman (eds), The End of Irish History? Critical Reflections on the Celtic Tiger, pp. 1-33. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
27.
Curtis, L.P. ( 1968) Anglo-Saxons and Celts: A Study of Anti-Irish Prejudice in Victorian England. Bridgeport, CT: University of Bridgeport Press.
28.
Daly, M.E. ( 2004) Encyclopaedia of Irish History and Culture. New York, NY: Thomson Gale.
29.
Davis, G. ( 2000) ‘The Irish in Britain, 1815-1939’, in A. Bielenberg (ed.), The Irish Diaspora, pp. 19-36. London: Longman.
30.
Deane, S. ( 1994) ‘Land and Soil - A Territorial Imperative’ , History Ireland2(1): 31-4.
31.
Delaney, E. ( 2005) ‘Transnationalism, Networks and Emigration in Post-War Ireland’, Immigrants and Minorities23(2/3): 225-46.
32.
Donovan, G. ( 2008) Country of the Grand. London: Faber and Faber.
33.
Fanon, F. ( 1970) Black Skins, White Masks. London: Paladin.
34.
Foster, R. ( 1995) Paddy and Mr Punch: Connections in Irish and English History . London: Penguin.
35.
Foucault, M. ( 1972) The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language . New York, NY: Pantheon.
36.
Foucault, M. ( 1988) ‘Technologies of the Self’, in L.H. Martin et al. (eds), Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault. London: Tavistock.
37.
Freud, S. ( 1933) Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XII. London: Hogarth Press/ Institute of Psychoanalysis.
38.
Gibbons, L. ( 1996) Transformations in Irish Culture. Cork: Cork University Press in association with Field Day.
39.
Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L. and Blanc-Szanton, C. ( 1992) Toward a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered. New York, NY: New York Academy of Science.
40.
Gray, B. ( 1997) ‘Unmasking Irishness: Irish Women, the Irish Nation and the Irish Diaspora’, in J. Mac Laughlin (ed.) Location and Dislocation in Contemporary Irish Society: Emigration and Irish Studies, pp. 209-35. Cork: Cork University Press.
41.
Greenslade, L. ( 1992) ‘White Skin, White Masks: Psychological Stress among the Irish in Britain’, in P. O’Sullivan (ed.), The Irish in the New Communities, pp. 201-25. Leicester : Leicester University Press.
42.
Guha, R. (ed.) (1982) Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
43.
Gullette, M. ( 1997) Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of Midlife. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
44.
Harte, L. ( 2006) ‘Migrancy, Performativity and Autobiographical Identity’ , Irish Studies Review14(2): 225-38.
45.
Harte, L. ( 2009) The Literature of the Irish in Britain: Autobiography and Memory, 1725-2001. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
46.
Haylet, C. ( 2000) ‘This Is about Us, This Is Our Film’: Personal and Popular Discourses about the "Underclass"’, in S. Munt (ed.), Cultural Studies and the Working Class, pp. 69-81. London: Cassell.
47.
Haywood, C. and Mac an Ghaill, M. ( 2003) Men and Masculinities: Theory, Research and Social Practice . Buckingham: Open University Press .
48.
Henriques, J., Holloway, W., Urwin, C., Venn, C. and Walkerdine, V. ( 1984) Changing the Subject: Psychology, Social Regulation and Subjectivity. London: Routledge .
49.
Hickman, M.J. ( 1995) Religion, Class and the Education of the Irish in Britain . Aldershot: Avebury.
50.
Hickman, M.J. ( 2005) ‘Ruling an Empire, Governing a Multinational State: The Impact of Britain’s Historical Legacy on the Ethno-Racial Regime’ , in G.C. Loury, T. Modood and S.M. Teles (eds), Ethnicity, Social Mobility and Public Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51.
Hickman, M.J. and Walter, B. ( 1997) Discrimination and the Irish Community in Britain. London: Commission for Racial Equality.
52.
Jacobson, M.F. ( 1995) Special Sorrows: The Diasporic Imagination of Irish, Polish and Jewish Immigrants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
53.
Keohane, K. ( 1997) ‘Traditionalism and Homelessness in Contemporary Irish Music’, in J. Mac Laughlin (ed.), Location and Dislocation in Contemporary Irish Society. Cork: Cork University Press.
54.
Keohane, K. and Kuhling, C. ( 2004) Collision Culture: Transformations in Everyday Life in Ireland. Dublin: Liffey Press.
55.
Kiberd, D. ( 1996) Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation . London: Vintage.
56.
Kirby, P., Gibbons, L. and Cronin, M. (eds) ( 2002) Reinventing Ireland: Culture, Society and the Global Economy . London: Pluto Press.
57.
Lacan, J. ( 1977) Ecrits: A Selection. Translated by A. Sheridan. London: Tavistock.
58.
Lloyd, D. ( 1993) Anomalous States: Ireland the Postcolonial Moment. Dublin: Lilliput.
59.
Mac an Ghaill, M. ( 1999) Contemporary Racisms and Ethnicities. Buckingham: Open University Press.
60.
McClintock, A. ( 1995) Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Context. London: Routledge.
61.
Mac Einri, P. ( 2000) ‘Emigration: an Enduring Tradition’, in A. Jones (ed.), The Scattering: Images of Emigrants from an Irish County, pp. 1-6. Dublin: Farmar.
62.
Mac Laughlin, J. ( 2001) Reimagining the Nation-State: The Contested Terrains of Nation-Building. London: Pluto Press .
63.
McVeigh, T. ( 2010) ‘Once Again the Young Irish People Prepare to Leave’ , The Observer, 28 February: 20-21.
64.
Maley, W. ( 1999) ‘Nationalism and Revisionism: Ambivalences and Dissensus’ , in S. Brewster, V. Crossman, F. Becket and D. Alderson (eds), Ireland in Proximity: History, Gender, Space, pp. 12-27. London: Routledge .
65.
Massey, D. ( 2005) For Space. London: Sage.
66.
Miles, R. ( 1982) Racism and Labour Migration. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.
67.
Miller, K.A. ( 1985) Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
68.
Morley, D. ( 2000) Home, Territories: Media, Mobility and Identity. London: Routledge.
69.
Munt, S. ( 2008) Queer Attachments: The Cultural Politics of Shame. Aldershot: Ashgate.
70.
Nash, C. ( 2008) Of Irish Descent: Origin Stories, Genealogy and the Politics of Belonging. New York, NY: Syracuse University Press.
71.
Negri, D. ( 2006) The Irish in Us: Irishness, Performativity and Popular Culture. London: Duke University Press.
72.
O’Connell, J. ( 2002) ‘Travellers in Ireland: An Examination of Discrimination and Racism’, in R. Lentin and R. McVeigh (eds), Racism and Anti-Racism in Ireland, pp. 49-62. Belfast: Beyond the Pale.
73.
O’Connor, J. ( 1992) Cowboys and Indians. London: HarperCollins.
74.
O’Dowd, L. ( 1991) ‘The States of Ireland: Some Reflections on Research’ , Irish Journal of Sociology1(1): 96-106.
75.
O’Hagan, S. ( 2010) ‘The Songs and Words of Exile that Echo through Irish Culture’, The Observer, 28 February: 21.
76.
O’Toole. F. ( 1997) The Ex-Isle of Erin: Images of a Global Ireland. Dublin: New Ireland Books.
77.
Richardson, L. ( 1997) Fields of Play: Constructing an Academic Life. Chapel Hill, NC: Rutgers University Press.
78.
Said, E.W. ( 1994) Culture and Imperialism. London: Vintage.
79.
Said, E.W. ( 2001) Reflections on Exile and Other Literary and Cultural Essays . London: Granta Books.
80.
Samuel, R. ( 1989) Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, Volume 11, Outsiders . London: Routledge.
81.
Sedgwick, E.K. ( 1991) Epistemology of the Closet. Hemel Hempstead : Harvester Wheatsheaf.
82.
Spivak, G. ( 1988) ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, pp. 271-313. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
83.
Valocchi, S. ( 2005) ‘Not Yet Queer Enough: The Lessons of Queer Theory for the Sociology of Gender and Sexuality’, Gender & Society19(6): 750-70.
84.
Walter, B. ( 2001) Outsiders Inside: Whiteness, Place and Irish Women. London: Routledge.
85.
Werbner, P. ( 2000) ‘The Materiality of Diaspora: Between Aesthetic and "Real" Politics’, Diaspora9(1): 5-20.
86.
Williams, I. and Mac an Ghaill, M. ( 2000) Health, Accommodation and Social Care Needs of Older Irish Men in Birmingham. Birmingham: The Irish Government’s Dion Fund and Focus Housing Group.
87.
Young, R.J.C. ( 2008) The Idea of English Ethnicity. Oxford : Blackwell.
