This article is a contribution to widening the focus of moral panic studies. Our aim is to advance recent attempts to link moral panic studies to the criminological literature on moral regulation. We argue that moral panics should be conceptualized as volatile expressions of long-term moral regulation processes. To substantiate these conceptual and theoretical arguments, we examine claims-making activities about the threat posed by British youth who don hooded tops in public places.
BBC News (2006, July 10). 'Cameron Hoodie speech in full' Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5166498.stm (retrieved March 6, 2011).
4.
Bottoms A. and Dignan J. ( 2004) Youth justice in Great Britain. Crime and Justice31: 21-183.
5.
Burney E. ( 2005) Making People Behave: Anti-Social Behavior, Politics and Policy. Cullompton: Willan.
6.
Button M. ( 2003) Private security and the policing of quasi-public space . International Journal of the Sociology of Law31(3): 227-237.
7.
Cohen S. ( 1972) Folk Devils and Moral Panics. London : MacGibbon & Kee.
8.
Coleman R. ( 2005) Surveillance in the city: Primary definition and urban spatial order. Crime, Media, Culture1(2): 131-148.
9.
Couldry N. and Corran J. ( 2002) Contesting Media Power: Alternative Media in a Networked World. Toronto: Rowman & Rowman .
10.
Crawford A. ( 2006) Networked governance and the post-regulatory state. Theoretical Criminology10(4): 449-479.
11.
Crawford A. ( 2008) Dispersal powers and the symbolic role of anti-social behavior legislation. Modern Law Review71(5): 753-784.
12.
Crawford A.(2009a) Governing through anti-social behavior: Regulatory challenges to criminal justice. British Journal of Criminology49(6): 810-831.
13.
Crawford A.(2009b) Criminalizing sociability through anti-social behavior legislation: Dispersal powers, young people and the police. Youth Justice9(1): 5-26.
14.
Crawford A. and Lister S. ( 2007) The Use and Impact of Dispersal Orders: Sticking Plasters and Wake-Up Calls. Bristol: Policy Press.
15.
Critcher C. ( 2002) Media, government and moral panic: The politics of paedophilia in Britain 2000-1. Journalism Studies3(4): 521-535.
16.
Critcher C. ( 2003) Moral Panics and the Media. London : Open University Press.
17.
Critcher C. ( 2008) Moral panic analysis: Past, present, future. Social Compass2(4): 1127-1144.
18.
Critcher C.(2009) Widening the focus: Moral panics as moral regulation. British Journal of Criminology49(1): 17-34.
19.
DeYoung M. ( 1998) Another look at moral panics: The case of satanic day care centres. Deviant Behaviour19(3): 257-275.
20.
Doran N. ( 2008) Decoding ‘encoding’ moral panics, media practices and Marxist presuppositions. Theoretical Criminology12(2): 191-221.
21.
Downey J. and Fenton N. ( 2003) New media, counter publicity and the public sphere. New Media & Society5(2): 185-202.
22.
Express (2005a) Slapping craze must end. Express, 21 May, p. 12.
23.
Express (2005b) ‘Hoodies’ nude riot. Express, 2 July, p. 31.
24.
Fagge N. ( 2005) Shopping centre bans hoody yobs: Britain’s biggest mall has had enough of menacing gangs. Express, 12 May, pp. 1, 7.
25.
Fagge N. and Chapman J. ( 2005) Ban hooded thugs from our streets. Express, 13 May, pp. 1, 4.
26.
Fionda J. ( 2006) Devils and Angels: Youth Policy and Crime. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
27.
Gallagher P. ( 2005a) Buys in the hood: Massive surge in business at shops mall that outlawed hoodies. Mirror, 20 May, pp. 8-9.
28.
Garland D. ( 2008) On the concept of moral panic. Crime, Media and Culture4(1): 9-30.
29.
Ginn K. ( 2005) ‘Hoody’ thug mugs pregnant woman in front of shoppers. Daily Mail, 15 June, p. 13.
30.
Goode E. and Ben-Yehuda B. ( 1994) Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. London: Blackwell.
31.
Guardian (2005, May 12). ‘Blair pledges crackdown on yobs’. Available at www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/may/12/politics.society (retrieved August 5, 2010).
32.
Hall S., Critcher C., Jefferson T., Clarke J. and Robert B. ( 1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order . London: Macmillan.
33.
Hamilton M. ( 2005) Evil hoody battered me black and blue. News of the World, 15 May, p. 1.
34.
Harper J. ( 2005) Head: Hoodies for school uniform. SundayMirror, 15 May, p. 40.
35.
Hay C. ( 1995) Mobilization through interpellation: James Bulger, juvenile crime and the construction of a moral panic. Social and Legal Studies4(3): 197-223.
36.
Hier S. ( 2002a) Conceptualizing moral panic through a moral economy of harm. Critical Sociology28(3): 311-334.
37.
Hier S. ( 2002b) Raves, risks and the ecstasy panic: A case study in the subversive nature of moral regulation. Canadian Journal of Sociology27(1): 33-57.
38.
Hier S. ( 2003) Risk and panic in late-modernity: Implications of the converging sites of social anxiety. British Journal of Sociology54(1): 3-20.
39.
Hier S. ( 2008) Thinking beyond moral panic: Risk, responsibility and the politics of moralization. Theoretical Criminology12(2): 173-190.
40.
Hier S (ed.) (2011) Moral Panic and the Politics of Anxiety. London: Routledge.
41.
Hier S. (no date) Linking the sociologies of moral panic and moral regulation. Unpublished manuscript.
42.
Hill A. ( 2002) Acid house and Thatcherism: Noise, the mob, and the English countryside. British Journal of Sociology53(1): 89-105.
43.
Hitchens P. ( 2005) Respect? Surely you abolished it, Mr. Blair. Mail on Sunday, 22 May, p. 2.
44.
Home Office ( 1997) No More Excuses: A New Approach to Tackling Youth Crime in England and Wales. Cm. 3809. London: The Stationery Office.
45.
Home Office (2003) A Guide to Anti-Social Behaviour Orders and Acceptable Behaviour Contracts. London: Home Office.
46.
Home Office (2006a) Tackling Anti-Social Behaviour: 2005 Survey Results. London: Home Office.
47.
Home Office (2006b) Respect Action Plan. Ref. 272299. London: Home Office.
48.
Hunt A. ( 1997) Moral panic and moral language in the media. British Journal of Sociology48(4): 629-648.
49.
Hunt A. ( 1999) Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50.
Hunt A. ( 2003) Risk and moralization in everyday life. In: Ericson R, Doyle A (eds) Risk and Morality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 165-192.
51.
Jenkins P. ( 1992) Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain . New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
52.
Jones D. ( 2001) ‘Misjudged youth’: A critique of the Audit Commission’s report on youth justice. British Journal of Criminology41(2): 362-380.
53.
Kennedy M. ( 2005) Hoodie art unveiled Gilbert and George’s new fashion statement. Guardian, 23 May, Home Pages, p. 1.
54.
Knapp M (2005) Living in fear of ferals. Sunday Express, 22 May, p. 31.
55.
Lakeman G. ( 2005b) Hoodie 2-shoes. Mirror, 20 May, p. 9.
56.
Mackay C. ( 2005) Battered to death: Thugs use planks in birthday beating . Mirror, Scottish Edition, 16 May, p. 24.
57.
McLean G. ( 2005) In the hood: On the meaning of the hoodie. Guardian, 13 May, G2, p. 2.
58.
McRobbie A. ( 1994) Folk devils fight back. New Left Review203(January-February): 107-116.
59.
McRobbie A. and Thornton S. ( 1995) Rethinking ‘moral panic’ for multi-mediated social worlds. British Journal of Sociology46(4): 559-574.
60.
Millie A. ( 2008) Anti-social behavior, behavioral expectations and an urban aesthetic. British Journal of Criminology48(3): 379-394.
61.
Mirror (2005) Now head bans kids in hoodies. Mirror, 3 June, p. 7.
62.
Moore D. ( 2007) Criminal Artefacts: Governing Drugs and Users. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
63.
Moore D. and Valverde M. ( 2000) Maidens at risk: ‘Date rape drugs’ and the formation of hybrid risk knowledges. Economy & Society29(4): 514-531.
64.
Moriarty R. ( 2005) Fond farewells … and then a vicious attack by hoodies . Express, 18 May, p. 2.
65.
Muncie J. ( 1999) Institutionalized intolerance: Youth justice and the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act. Critical Social Policy19(2): 147-175.
66.
News of the World (2005) Hunt for hoodies. News of the World, 10 July, p. 1.
67.
O’Kane R. ( 2005) Young hoodies fight ban with street protest. Express, 2 June, p. 32.
68.
O’Malley P. ( 2006) Risk, Uncertainty and Government. London: Glasshouse Press.
69.
Pearson G. ( 2006) Disturbing continuities: ‘Peaky blinders’ to ‘hoodies’. Criminal Justice Matters65(1): 6-7.
70.
Raco M. ( 2003) Remaking place and securitising space: Urban regeneration and the strategies, tactics and practices of policing in the UK. Urban Studies40(9): 1869-1887.
71.
Roberts B. ( 2005) Reclaim our streets: Hoodies jail plea. Mirror, 23 May, p. 28.
72.
Roberts B. and Allen V. ( 2005) Reclaim our streets: Hoodies and baddies. Mirror, 13 May, pp. 8-9.
73.
Rohloff A. ( 2008) Moral panics as decivilizing processes: Towards an Eliasian approach. New Zealand Journal of Sociology23(1): 66-76.
74.
Rohloff A. and Wright S.(2010) Moral panic and social theory: Beyond the heuristic. Current Sociology58(3): 403-419.
75.
Rutherford A. ( 2002) Growing Out of Crime: The New Era. Winchester: Waterside.
76.
Seamark M. ( 2005) The feral gangs who rule our streets. Daily Mail, 18 May, p. 1.
77.
Simester A. and Von Hirsch A. ( 2006) Regulating offensive conduct through two-step prohibitions . In: Von Hirsch A, Simester A (eds) Incivilities: Regulating Offensive Behavior . Oxford: Hart Publishing, 173-194.
78.
Squires P. ( 2008) The politics of anti-social behavior. British Politics3(3): 300-323.
79.
Stevens L. ( 2005) Lord Stevens has the cure for yobs. News of the World, 22 May, Leader, p. 1.
80.
Sulaiman T. ( 2005) Girls’ rape ‘filmed by teenagers on mobile’ . The Times, 18 June, p. 2.
81.
Sunday Mirror ( 2005) ‘Hoodies’ rampage on train. Sunday Mirror, 12 June, p. 28.
82.
Taylor, B. ( 2005, May 21) ‘Beaten to death on his doorstep’ . Daily Mail, p. 1.
83.
Thompson K. ( 1998) Moral Panics. London & New York: Routledge.
84.
Thornton S. ( 1994) Moral panic, the media and British rave culture. In: Ross A, Rose T (eds) Microphone Fiends: Youth Music, Youth Culture. London: Routledge, 176-192.
85.
Ungar S. ( 2001) Moral panic versus the risk society: The implications of the changing sites of social anxiety. British Journal of Sociology52(2): 271-292.
86.
Vattimo G. ( 2004) Nihilism & Emancipation: Ethics, Politics and Law . New York: Columbia University Press.
87.
Waiton S. ( 2008) The Politics of Antisocial Behavior: Amoral Panics. London: Routledge.
88.
Wakefield A. ( 2008) Private policing: A view from the mall. Public Administration86(3): 659-678.
89.
Walby K. and Spencer D. ( 2011) How emotions matter to moral panics. In: Hier S (ed.) Moral Panic and the Politics of Anxiety. London: Routledge, Forthcoming.
90.
Walsh C. ( 2002) Curfews: No more hanging around. Youth Justice2(2): 70-81.
91.
White M. ( 2005) PM attacks yob culture and pledges to help bring back respect. Guardian, 13 May. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/may/13/ukcrime.immigrationpolicy .
92.
Young J. ( 1971) The Drugtakers: The Social Meaning of Drug Use. London: McGibbon & Kee.
93.
Young J.(2009) Moral panic: Its origins in resistance, ressentiment and the translation of fantasy into reality. British Journal of Criminology49(1): 4-16.
