This article will illustrate, by means of three empirical research examples conducted in South Africa, that private security operating in public spaces simultaneously retains ‘traditional’ private security mentalities of loss prevention as well as ‘traditional’ state policing mentalities of crime control and coercion. This adoption of either state or corporate mentalities and technologies is fluid, interchangeable and by no means mutually exclusive, befitting the nature of daily security activities as well as the expectations generated from policing that space. In this way, private security is evolving in its application of diverse policing mentalities in its management and interpretation of public ‘space’; in its ability to wield power both symbolically and actually and; in its tendency to adopt a variety of crime control and social ordering techniques.
Atkinson, R. ( 2003) ‘Domestication by Cappuccino or a Revenge on Urban Space? Control and Empowerment in the Management of Public Spaces’, Urban Studies40(9): 1829-43.
2.
Bayley, D.H. and C. Shearing ( 2001) The New Structure of Policing: Description, Conceptualization, and Research Agenda. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
3.
Berg, J. ( 2004) ‘Challenges to a Formal Private Security Industry-SAPS Partnership: Lessons from the Western Cape’, Society in Transition35(1): 105-24.
4.
Berg, J. and C. Shearing ( 2008) ‘Integrated Security: Assembling Knowledges and Capacities’, in T. Williamson (ed.) The Handbook of Knowledge Based Policing: Current Conceptions and Future Directions , pp. 389-404. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
5.
Braveboy-Wagner, J. ( 2003) The Foreign Policies of the Global South: Rethinking Conceptual Frameworks. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner .
6.
Brogden, M. and C. Shearing ( 1993) Policing for a New South Africa. London : Routledge.
7.
Burris, S. ( 2004) ‘Governance, Microgovernance and Health’, Temple Law Review77(2): 335-61.
8.
Burris, S., M. Kempa and C. Shearing ( 2008) ‘Changes in Governance: A Cross-Disciplinary Review of Current Scholarship’, Akron Law Review41(1): 1-66.
9.
Cape Town Central City Improvement District ( 2008) Cape Town Central City Improvement District Annual Report 2008. Cape Town: CCID.
10.
Crawford, A. and S. Lister ( 2006) ‘Additional Security Patrols in Residential Areas: Notes from the Marketplace’, Policing & Society16(2): 164-88.
11.
Dixon, B. ( 2006) ‘Development, Crime Prevention and Social Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, Critical Social Policy26(1): 169-91.
12.
Hermer, J., M. Kempa, C. Shearing, P. Stenning and J. Wood ( 2005) ‘Policing in Canada in the 21st Century: Directions for Law Reform’, in D. Cooley (ed.) Re-Imagining Policing in Canada, pp. 22-91. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
13.
Huey, L.J., R.V. Ericson and K.D. Haggerty ( 2005) ‘Policing Fantasy City’, in D. Cooley (ed.) Re-Imagining Policing in Canada , pp. 140-208. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
14.
Johnston, L. ( 2006) ‘Transnational Security Governance’, in J. Wood and B. Dupont (eds) Democracy, Society and the Governance of Security, pp. 33-51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15.
Jones, T. and T. Newburn ( 1998) Private Security and Public Policing. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
16.
Kempa, M., P. Stenning and J. Wood ( 2004) ‘Policing Communal Spaces: A Reconfiguration of the "Mass Private Property" Hypothesis’, British Journal of Criminology44(4): 562-81.
17.
Klockars, C.B. ( 1980) ‘The Dirty Harry Problem’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science452: 33-47.
18.
Lianos, M. and M. Douglas ( 2000) ‘Dangerization and the End of Deviance: The Institutional Environment’, British Journal of Criminology40(2): 261-78.
19.
Loader, I. ( 1997) ‘Policing and the Social: Questions of Symbolic Power’, British Journal of Sociology48(1): 1-18.
20.
Manzo, J. ( 2004) ‘The Folk Devil Happens to be our Best Customer: Security Officers’ Orientations to "Youth" in Three Canadian Shopping Malls’, International Journal of the Sociology of Law32(3): 243-61.
21.
Micucci, A. ( 1998) ‘A Typology of Private Policing Operational Styles’ , Journal of Criminal Justice26(1): 41-51.
22.
Mopas, M. and P. Stenning ( 2001) ‘Tools of the Trade: The Symbolic Power of Private Security- an Exploratory Study’, Policing and Society11(1): 67-97.
23.
Morçöl, G. and P. Patrick ( 2006) ‘Business Improvement Districts in Pennsylvania: Implications for Democratic Metropolitan Governance’, International Journal of Public Administration29(1-3): 137-71.
24.
O’Connor, D., R. Lippert, D. Spencer and L. Smylie ( 2008) ‘Seeing Private Security Like a State’, Criminology and Criminal Justice8(2): 203-26.
25.
Osborne, D. and T. Gaebler ( 1992) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector. New York: Plume.
26.
Radzinowicz, L. ( 1968) A History of English Criminal Law and Its Administration from 1750, Volume 4: Grappling for Control. London: Stevens & Sons.
27.
Rigakos, G. ( 2002) The New Parapolice: Risk Markets and Commodified Social Control. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
28.
Scott, C. ( 2004) ‘Regulation in the Age of Governance: The Rise of the Post-Regulatory State’, in J. Jordana and D. Levi-Faur (eds) The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance, pp. 145-74. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
29.
Scott, J. ( 1998) Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
30.
Shaw, M. and C. Shearing ( 1998) ‘Reshaping Security: An Examination of the Governance of Security in South Africa’, African Security Review7(3): 3-12.
31.
Shearing, C.D. ( 2006) ‘Reflections on the Refusal to Acknowledge Private Governments’, in J. Wood and B. Dupont (eds) Democracy, Society and the Governance of Security, pp. 11-32. New York: Cambridge.
32.
Shearing, C.D. and P.C. Stenning ( 1982) ‘Snowflakes or Good Pinches? Private Security’s Contribution to Modern Policing’, in R. Donelan (ed.) The Maintenance of Order in Society, pp. 96-105. Ottawa: Canadian Police College.
33.
Singh, A. and M. Kempa ( 2007) ‘Reflections on the Study of Private Policing Cultures: Early Leads and Key Themes’, in M. O’Neill , M. Marks and A. Singh (eds) Police Occupational Culture: New Debates and Directions, pp. 297-320. Oxford: Elsevier.
34.
Skade, T. ( 2007) ‘Should Private Guns Take Security into Their Hands? The Fine Line between Protection and Vigilantism’, Star, 20 November. Available at http://www.security.co.za/fullStory.asp?NewsId=5420
35.
South, N. ( 1997) ‘Control, Crime and the "End of Century Criminology"’ , in P. Francis, P. Davies and V. Jupp (eds) Policing Futures: The Police, Law Enforcement and the Twenty-First Century , pp. 104-23. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
36.
Steinberg, J. ( 2008) Thin Blue: The Unwritten Rules of Policing South Africa . Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball.
37.
Vitale, A.S. ( 2005) ‘Innovation and Institutionalization: Factors in the Development of "Quality of Life" Policing in New York City’, Policing & Society15(2): 99-124.
38.
Wakefield, A. ( 2003) Selling Security: The Private Policing of Public Space . Devon: Willan Publishing.
