Development and validation of the golf player-caddie relationship scale: A multidimensional approach

Abstract

This study developed and validated the Golf Player-Caddie Relationship Scale (GPCRS) to quantitatively assess the multidimensional relationship between professional golfers and their caddies. A sequential three-study design was employed. In Study 1, qualitative interviews with five professional golfers and five caddies were analyzed thematically to generate an initial item pool. Study 2 involved expert review, pilot testing, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with 147 participants, resulting in a four-factor structure: Trust-based Communication, Course Strategy Provision, Emotional Support, and Long-term Growth. Study 3 conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a separate subsample (n = 147), confirming the four-factor model (CFI = .969, TLI = .958, RMSEA = .071, SRMR = .046). The GPCRS demonstrated high internal consistency (α = .734–.954), strong construct reliability (CR = .749– .956), and evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Measurement invariance across gender groups was established. The GPCRS offers a psychometrically sound instrument for researchers and practitioners to assess and enhance player-caddie relationships, with implications for performance optimization and psychological support in professional golf.