Based on theory and research on athlete motivation and sport cohesion, this study examined the concurrent association of perceived coach and peer motivational climates with team cohesion among female adolescent athletes. Participants (N = 235) included 14- to 18-year-old competitive volleyball players who completed self-report measures of motivational climates and team cohesion in the latter part of the season. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that all coach and peer task-involving dimensions were positively related, and peer intra-team conflict (ego-involving dimension) was negatively related, to team cohesion. Task-involving dimensions of coach cooperative learning and peer effort and relatedness support contributed most strongly to the relationship as did task cohesion. Multiple regression analyses showed that elements of both coach and peer climates were related to task and social cohesion. Findings extend past research by simultaneously examining coaches and peers as social sources of team cohesion among female adolescent athletes. Specific strategies are offered for how coaches can enhance team cohesiveness by directly shaping a task-involving climate, minimizing an ego-involving climate, and fostering a teammate task-involving climate that promotes positive peer interactions and relationships.
HornTS.Examining the impact of coaches’ feedback patterns on the psychosocial well-being of youth sport athletes. Kines Rev2019;
8: 244–251.
3.
WeissMRAmoroseAJKippLE.Youth motivation and participation in sport and physical activity. In: RyanRM (ed.) The Oxford handbook of human motivation.
New York, NY:
Oxford University Press, 2012, pp.520–553.
4.
Garcia BengoecheaEStreanWB.On the interpersonal context of adolescents’ sport motivation. Psychol Sport Exerc2007;
8: 195–217.
5.
HornTSNewtonJL.Developmentally based perspectives on motivated behavior in sport and physical activity contexts. In: HornTSSmithAL (eds) Advances in sport and exercise psychology. 4th ed.
Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics, 2019, pp.313–331.
6.
DeciELRyanRM.Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior.
New York, NY:
Plenum Press, 1985.
7.
RyanRMDeciEL.Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Amer Psychol2000;
55: 68–78.
8.
HarterS.Effectance motivation reconsidered. Human Dev1978;
21: 34–64.
9.
HarterS.The development of competence motivation in the mastery of cognitive and physical skills: is there still a place for joy? In: RobertsGCLandersDM (eds) Psychology of motor behavior and sport – 1980.
Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics, 1981, pp.3–29.
10.
AmesC.Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes. In:. RobertsGC (ed.) Motivation in sport and exercise.
Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics, 1992, pp.161–176.
11.
NichollsJG.The competitive ethos and democratic education.
Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1989.
12.
KippLEAmoroseAJ.Perceived motivational climate and self-determined motivation in female high school athletes. J Sport Behav2008;
31: 108–129.
13.
SmithRESmollFLCummingSP.Motivational climate and changes in young athletes’ achievement goal orientations. Motiv Emot2009;
33: 173–183.
14.
WeissMRAmoroseAJWilkoAM.Coaching behaviors, motivational climate, and psychosocial outcomes among female adolescent athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci2009;
21: 475–492.
15.
NtoumanisNVazouS.Peer motivational climate in youth sport: measurement development and validation. J Sport Exerc Psychol2005;
27: 432–455.
16.
VazouSNtoumanisNDudaJL.Peer motivational climate in youth sport: a qualitative inquiry. Psychol Sport Exerc2005;
6: 497–516.
17.
HarwoodCSprayCMKeeganR.Achievement goal theories in sport. In: HornTS (ed.) Advances in sport psychology. 3rd ed.Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics, 2008, pp.157–186.
18.
Amorose AJ. Coaching effectiveness: exploring the relationship between coaching behavior and self-determined motivation. In: HaggerMSChatzisarantisNLS (eds) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport.
Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics, 2007, pp.209–227.
19.
HornTS.Social psychological and developmental perspectives on early sport specialization. Kines Rev2015;
4: 248–266.
20.
KippLEWeissMR.Social influences, psychological need satisfaction, and well-being among female adolescent gymnasts. Sport Exerc Perf Psychol2013;
2: 62–75.
21.
KippLEWeissMR.Social predictors of psychological need satisfaction and well-being among female adolescent gymnasts: a longitudinal analysis. Sport Exerc Perf Psychol2015;
4: 153–169.
22.
SmithALMellanoKTUllrich-FrenchS.Peers and psychology experiences in physical activity settings. In: HornTSSmithAL (eds) Advances in sport and exercise psychology. 4th ed.
Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics, 2019, pp.133–150.
23.
KeeganRJHarwoodCGSprayCM, et al.
A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants: coach, parent and peer influences on sport motivation. Psychol Sport Exerc2009;
10: 361–372.
24.
JöesaarHHeinVHaggerMS.Peer influence on young athletes’ need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and persistence in sport: a 12-month prospective study. Psychol Sport Exerc2011;
12: 500–508.
25.
JöesaarHHeinVHaggerMS.Youth athletes’ perception of autonomy support for the coach, peer motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in the sport setting: one-year effects. Psychol Sport Exerc2012;
13: 257–262.
26.
VazouSNtoumanisNDudaJL.Predicting youth athletes’ motivational indices as a function of their perceptions of the coach- and peer-created climate. Psychol Sport Exerc2006;
7: 215–233.
27.
IngrellJJohnsonUIvarssonA.Relationships between ego-oriented peer climate, perceived competence and worry about sport performance: a longitudinal study of student-athletes. Sport Sci Rev2016;
25: 225–242.
28.
SmithALGustafssonHHassménP.Peer motivational climate and burnout perceptions of adolescent athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc2010;
11: 453–460.
29.
VazouS.Variations in the perceptions of peer and coach motivational climate. Res Q Exerc Sport2010;
81: 199–211.
30.
NtoumanisNTaylorIMThøgersen-NtoumaniC.A longitudinal examination of coach and peer motivational climates in youth sport: implications for moral attitudes, well-being, and behavioral investment. Dev Psychol2012;
48: 213–223.
31.
BurkeSMDaviesKMCarronAV.Group cohesion in sport and exercise settings. In: BeauchampMREysMA (eds) Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology. 2nd ed.
New York, NY:
Routledge, 2014, pp.147–163.
32.
CarronAVEysMA.Group dynamics in sport. 4th ed. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, 2012.
33.
GardnerDEShieldsDLLBredemeierBJL, et al.
The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and team cohesion among baseball and softball players. Sport Psychol1996;
10: 367–381.
34.
KimH-DCruzAB.The influence of coaches’ leadership styles on athletes’ satisfaction and team cohesion: a meta-analytic approach. Int J Sport Sci Coach2016;
11: 900–909.
35.
WestreKRWeissMR.The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and group cohesion in high school football teams. Sport Psychol1991;
5: 41–54.
36.
VincerDJELougheadTM.The relationship among athlete leadership behaviors and cohesion in team sports. Sport Psychol2010;
24: 448–467.
37.
PriceMSWeissMR.Relationships among coach leadership, peer leadership, and adolescent athletes’ psychosocial and team outcomes: a test of transformational leadership theory. J Appl Sport Psychol2013;
25: 265–279.
38.
EysMAJewittEEvansMB, et al.
Coach-initiated motivational climate and cohesion in youth sport. Res Q Exerc Sport2013;
84: 373–383.
39.
McLarenCDNewlandAEysM, et al.
Peer-initiated motivational climate and group cohesion in youth sport. J Appl Sport Psychol2017;
29: 88–100.
40.
HornTByrdMMartinE, et al.
Perceived motivational climate and team cohesion in adolescent athletes. Sport Sci Rev2012;
21: 25–49.
41.
Garcia-CalvoTLeoFMGonzalez-PonceI, et al.
Perceived coach-created and peer-created motivational climates and their associations with team cohesion and athlete satisfaction: evidence from a longitudinal study. J Sports Sci2014;
32: 1738–1750.
42.
HornTS. Developmental perspectives on self-perceptions in children and adolescents. In: Weiss MR (ed.) Developmental sport and exercise psychology: a lifespan perspective. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, 2004, pp.101–143.
43.
CarronAVColmanMMWheelerJ, et al.
Cohesion and performance in sport: a meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol2002;
24: 168–188.
44.
EysMOhlertJEvansMB, et al.
Cohesion and performance for female and male sport teams. Sport Psychol2015;
29: 97–109.
45.
Ullrich-FrenchSSmithAL.Perceptions of relationships with parents and peers in youth sport: independent and combined prediction of motivational outcomes. Psychol Sport Exerc2006;
7: 193–214.
46.
EysMAEvansMB.Group dynamics in sport, exercise, and physical activity contexts. In: HornTSSmithAL (eds) Advances in sport and exercise psychology. 4th ed.
Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics, 2019, pp.171–188.
47.
NewtonMDudaJLYinZ.Examination of the psychometric properties of the perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes. J Sports Sci2000;
18: 275–290.
48.
EysMLougheadTBraySR, et al.
Development of a cohesion questionnaire for youth: the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire. J Sport Exerc Psychol2009;
31: 390–408.
49.
BrunerMWEysMAWilsonKS, et al.
Group cohesion and positive youth development in team sport athletes. Sport Exerc Perf Psychol2014;
3: 219–227.
50.
FanXKonoldTR.Canonical correlation analysis. In: HancockGRMuellerRO (eds) The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences.
New York, NY:
Routledge, 2010, pp.29–40.
CohenJ.Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed.
New York, NY:
Psychology Press, 1992.
53.
PetersenBEysMWatsonK, et al.
Taking stock of youth sport group dynamics research: a scoping review. Kines Rev2019;
8: 260–268.
54.
HornTS.Coaching effectiveness in the sport domain. In: HornTS (ed.) Advances in sport psychology. 3rd ed.
Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics, 2008, pp.240–267.
55.
Horn TS, Lox CL, and Labrador F.et al. The self-fulfilling prophecy theory: when coaches' expectations become reality. In: WilliamsJMKraneV (eds) Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance. 7th ed.
New York, NY:
McGraw Hill, 2015, pp.78–100.
56.
EysMALougheadTMBraySR, et al.
Perceptions of cohesion by youth sport participants. Sport Psychol2009;
23: 330–345.
57.
DweckC.Mindset: the new psychology of success.
New York, NY:
Ballantine Books, 2006.
