Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background

Effectiveness of early intensive aphasia rehabilitation after stroke is unknown. The Very Early Rehabilitation for SpEech trial (VERSE) aimed to determine whether intensive aphasia therapy, beginning within 14 days after stroke, improved communication recovery compared to usual care.

Methods

Prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial conducted at 17 acute-care hospitals across Australia/New Zealand from 2014 to 2018. Participants with aphasia following acute stroke were randomized to receive usual care (direct usual care aphasia therapy), or one of two higher intensity regimens (20 sessions of either non-prescribed (usual care-plus or prescribed (VERSE) direct aphasia therapy). The primary outcome was improvement of communication on the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised Aphasia Quotient (AQ) at 12 weeks after stroke. Our pre-planned intention to treat analysis combined high intensity groups for the primary outcome.

Findings

Among 13,654 acute stroke patients screened, 25% (3477) had aphasia, of whom 25% (866) were eligible and 246 randomized to usual care (n = 81; 33%), usual care-plus (n = 82; 33%) or VERSE (n = 83; 34%). At 12 weeks after stroke, the primary outcome was assessed in 217 participants (88%); 14 had died, 9 had withdrawn, and 6 were too unwell for assessment. Communication recovery was 50.3% (95% CI 45.7–54.8) in the high intensity group (n = 147) and 52.1% (95% CI 46.1–58.1) in the usual care group (n = 70; difference −1.8, 95% CI −8.7–5.0). There was no difference between groups in non-fatal or fatal adverse events (p = 0.72).

Interpretation

Early, intensive aphasia therapy did not improve communication recovery within 12 weeks post stroke compared to usual care.

Keywords

Aphasia communication early rehabilitation stroke therapy fidelity

Introduction

Evidence before this study

The 2016 Cochrane review¹ indicates that aphasia therapy is effective for chronic language/communication recovery. There is no Level 1 evidence for the effectiveness of aphasia treatments started within the first two weeks post stroke when the proposed ‘window of opportunity’² for enhanced neuronal recovery is at its peak. The few studies which commenced treatment within the first 15 days post stroke have mixed findings;^3–5 the most recent study (Rotterdam Aphasia Therapy Study-3 (RATS-3))³ suggested that early intervention is no better than starting therapy after the first month post stroke.

Added value of this study

VERSE⁶ is the first international aphasia trial, which recruited from 17 acute hospitals. VERSE participants were followed up at 45 subacute and community healthcare centers to six months post stroke. VERSE will contribute to Level 1 evidence about the effectiveness of intensive early aphasia therapy compared to usual care in a broad population of acute aphasic stroke patients. Very early intensive, aphasia therapy during the hypothesized optimal recovery window² had no additional benefit to language impairment, discourse/connected speech, quality of life, or depression at 12 or 26 weeks post stroke to usual care. Critically, there was a large increase in amount of aphasia therapy in this trial (9.5 h up from a total of 14 min) compared to our earlier pilot study⁵, which looked promising.

Our findings are in line with those of the A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT)⁷ whereby an increase in the intensity of ‘usual care’ services from pilot studies to the main study was reported and the Phase III trial was subsequently negative. Taken together with the AVERT⁷ results, VERSE provides a useful guide for the design and analysis of future stroke rehabilitation RCTs in early stroke recovery.

Background

Aphasia (language impairment affecting spoken language, comprehension, reading and writing) is not rare, affecting approximately one in three⁸ of the 16.9 million people worldwide who experience stroke each year.⁹ People with aphasia have greater mortality and morbidity, lower levels of social participation and return-to-work rates, and an almost three-fold greater risk of experiencing depression than stroke survivors without aphasia.¹⁰ The recent global estimates of post-stroke aphasia burden in relation to annual disease costs are AUD$49.3 billion¹¹ ($34.4b USD).

Restorative and compensatory rehabilitation delivered by speech pathologists is the mainstay of treatment for aphasia. There are no animal equivalent basic science models to drive aphasia recovery research. The theoretical constructs that underpin aphasia research derive from an integration of cognitive and motor theoretical domains, and extrapolation is required to explain language recovery. Evidence from human motor and animal stroke recovery models suggests the first 90 days post stroke is the ‘window of opportunity’² where the greatest potential to harness spontaneous recovery exists.¹² This theory suggests that high frequency repetition should strengthen neural networks and minimize independent neuronal activation, potentially reducing maladaptive behaviors.^2,12 Neurorecovery therapeutic principles guide rehabilitation research and aim to strengthen interaction within and between neural networks and to promote improved accuracy and efficiency of function.^2,12 Efficacy of aphasia therapy for functional communication was established in the Cochrane review (27 randomized trials including 1620 patients)¹ and supported by a recent European trial¹³ which showed the benefit of intensive aphasia therapy in chronic recovery. The trial provided 10 h of direct therapy per week for three weeks for a total of 31 (median) h with an additional 15 h (total) of home practice.

Currently, there is no Level I evidence that directly addresses the timing, intensity, and type of aphasia therapy, commencing within the first two weeks post stroke.¹ Mixed results are noted from various studies^3–5 comparing treatment intensity when intervention was commenced within two weeks post stroke. Laska et al.⁴ (N = 123) reported no benefit in speech production and comprehension (Norsk Grunntest for Afasi¹⁴) or in functional communication (Amsterdam–Nijmegen Everyday Language Test¹⁵) after 15 h of a comprehension-based intervention across three weeks, when compared to no therapy. Our Phase I pilot study⁵ (N = 59) indicated a statistical and clinical benefit from daily intensive therapy targeted at spoken language. Over a mean of 19 days, 7.5 h of therapy (or 2.7 h per week) was compared to standard care (on average <1 h in total). Language and communication benefits were observed at therapy completion and six months post stroke on the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised¹⁶ and the Functional Communication Profile.¹⁷ The more recent RATS-3 trial³ (N = 153) demonstrated no benefit of early therapy consisting of 24.5 h over four weeks (6.1 h per week) when compared to no therapy in the first month, measured at 4, 12, and 26 weeks post stroke. However, only 29% of the intervention group complied with the prescribed treatment dose of 28 h of direct aphasia therapy. The ‘per-protocol’ analysis of the RATS-3 trial³ identified benefit of early treatment compared to no treatment at four weeks post stroke, on measures of spoken language. Our Phase II pilot trial¹⁸ (N = 20) that was designed to investigate the effect of treatment type received in early aphasia recovery (group therapy vs. individual therapy), for 20 h provided over four weeks (5 h per week), which is at the lower intensity range found to be effective.¹⁹ The trial found no between-group difference.

While there is no Level 1 evidence for the effectiveness of very early aphasia therapy, similar research had been completed in the area of physical rehabilitation through the AVERT trial.⁷

The uncertainty around the timing, intensity, and type of aphasia therapy in the very early stroke recovery window (commencing therapy before day 15 post stroke) prompted the VERSE trial.^6,20 Our primary hypothesis was that compared to usual care alone (UC), higher dose early aphasia therapy would result in improved language and communication at 12 weeks post stroke, measured by the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised¹⁶ (primary outcome) and discourse analysis²¹ (secondary outcome). To explore the question of therapy type, the higher dose therapy could be delivered in one of two ways (UC-Plus and VERSE therapy—outlined below). We further hypothesized that higher dose training would result in better quality of life, and be cost effective. This article reports primary and key secondary outcomes for the trial.

Methods

Study design

A phase three, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, with allocation 1:2 (UC: UC-Plus and VERSE) and blinded outcomes assessed at 12 (primary outcome) and 26 weeks post stroke. The trial protocol⁶ and statistical analysis plan (SAP)²⁰ were accepted for publication before unblinding (see Supplement and publications for full trial methodology description). The trial was approved by hospital ethics committees and all participants gave written informed consent using aphasia friendly consent processes.²²

Participants

Participants required the capacity to consent to be eligible and were recruited from 17 acute-care hospitals in Australia and New Zealand and then followed up at 45 subacute and community healthcare centers.

Eligibility criteria

Participants were aged over 18 years and admitted to hospital with an acute stroke, resultant acute aphasia of any type, within 14 days of stroke onset. They required a score of less than 93.7 on the Aphasia Quotient of the Revised Western Aphasia Battery (WAB-R AQ)¹⁶ indicating mild to severe aphasia. They were medically stable, could maintain a wakeful alert state for at least 30 min, and had normal or corrected hearing and vision. Exclusion criteria were pre-existing aphasia and dementia, a concurrent progressive neurological disorder, any head injury, neurosurgery, clinical depression at admission, inability to participate in English-based therapy, or participation in other concurrent intervention trials.

Qualified speech pathologists trained to screen and consent participants, diagnosed aphasia using the Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test,²³ and enrolled eligible participants.

Randomization and masking

Baseline assessments were completed by trained staff before randomizing participants using a computer-generated, block randomization sequence (permutated block of six, with 1:1:1 randomization to three groups (UC, UC-Plus, VERSE) to achieve an overall ratio of 1:2 (UC; high intensity therapy, combined UC-Plus and VERSE)¹⁹ via Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap™).²⁴ Randomization was performed by the baseline assessor who was not otherwise involved in the trial and participants were stratified by aphasia severity determined by the WAB-R (AQ) score. Participants, family members, ward staff, and outcome assessors were not informed of group allocation and all participants and trial staff were asked not to discuss treatment received. Only UC staff wrote in medical notes per healthcare standards and all research documentation was stored separately in a secured location to avoid unblinding. Blinded outcome assessors were not involved in participants’ stroke care and were not permitted to ask participants about treatment received during follow-up assessments. Only treating therapists (acute and subacute) were unblinded to treatment allocation.

Procedures—Treatment intensity and type

All speech pathology services received by participants up to 26 weeks post stroke were recorded for all groups.⁶ Our focus was the recording of direct aphasia therapy which was defined as ‘treatment designed to restore language and communication function’ and could consist of individual or group social and or impairment-based treatment, social or communication device training. Education, counseling, goal-setting, treatment programming, documentation, and consultation were excluded from these analyses.²⁰

Usual care

Participants randomized to the UC arm constituted the trial control group. UC aphasia therapy was standard care at each site and was not controlled for amount, frequency of sessions, therapy type, or therapist. For data reporting purposes, we asked UC therapists to record all aspects of management and to video record aphasia therapy sessions, although videorecording was not mandatory.

High intensity therapy regimens

Participants randomized to either of the high intensity groups (UC-Plus or VERSE) received usual care therapy and had additional aphasia therapy provided by specially trained therapists. UC-Plus therapy involved any combination of therapy at the discretion of the therapist. Participants were prescribed 20 sessions of 45–60 min (15–20 h; or 4–5 h per week) of aphasia therapy, commencing before day 15 and completed within four weeks.^16,20 The intensity level for these groups was chosen in-line with available evidence (≥5 h per week¹⁹) and demonstrated tolerability.^5,18

VERSE treatment was an impairment-based therapy program (see Supplement; Intervention Protocol), developed by an aphasia Expert Advisory Committee. The VERSE intervention prioritized error-free, verbal communication, encouraging conversation while working between 50% and 80% accuracy at each goal level to maintain a therapy challenge point. In both higher intensity groups, the amount of therapy and the timing of commencement of intervention were standardised.⁶

Training, therapy, and assessment fidelity

All treating speech pathologists underwent protocol training and received procedural training manuals relevant to the arm of therapy they provided. Training details and treatment manuals are provided in Appendix 1. Clinical support was given by central research staff for UC-Plus therapists, and a VERSE Therapy Coordinator provided feedback and support for VERSE therapists. UC-Plus and VERSE therapists were allocated to a therapy group from a therapist recruitment pool, depending on trial needs. Therapists providing UC-Plus and VERSE intervention groups were mandated to video record a therapy session each week and submit this to an independent therapy integrity monitor for review and verification (see Supplement—Main and Intervention Protocols). All data discrepancies were queried by the Monitor with clinical staff and all queries resolved prior to database lock in compliance with all elements of the TIDiER²⁵ and SPIRIT²⁶ statements.

Outcomes

The trial SAP²⁰ outlines the primary and secondary outcomes in detail. Our primary outcome was improvement in communication at 12 weeks after stroke, measured by the WAB-R AQ which is a sensitive, valid and reliable measure of aphasia performance with a standard error of measurement of 3 points.²⁷ Improvement was assessed using the percent of maximal potential recovery achieved (%MPR).²⁸ The %MPR represents a percentage score of the maximum potential change (i.e. the endpoint score minus the baseline score) allowing for direct meaningful comparison of amount of possible improvement on the WAB-R AQ for people with varied aphasia severity. Using the %MPR also accounts for the ceiling effects of the standardized test. All raw scores are presented in Supplemental Table S3. Based on benchmarking of aphasia intervention studies, a 5-point change on the WAB-R AQ represents a conservative, clinically meaningful effect.²⁹

Secondary outcomes were: treatment effectiveness (both %MPR and discourse measures²⁰) at 26 weeks, word naming (Boston Naming Test³⁰), quality of life (Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life scale-39³¹), depression (Aphasia Depression Rating Scale³²) at 12 and 26 weeks. The Aphasia Depression Rating Scale was completed by the participant with communication support from the blinded assessor. Safety (adverse and serious adverse events) was assessed at 12 and 26 weeks post stroke. Adverse event reporting followed a protocol,²⁰ an independent medical officer adjudicated events, and reported to the Data Safety and Monitoring Board.

Statistical analysis

The trial was powered (80% power, 5% significance level) to detect a between-group difference (UC vs. high intensity groups) of 20% on %MPR (primary) at 12 weeks. Adjusting for expected 20% (high level) lost to follow-up, a total of 246 participants was planned.²⁰ This was also sufficient to detect a 4.4% between-group difference (UC-Plus compared to VERSE) on the %MPR. Using an intention-to-treat basis, our primary analysis compared higher intensity therapy (UC-Plus and VERSE groups combined) to UC on the %MPR on the WAB-R AQ at 12 weeks post stroke using a linear mixed model which controlled for baseline WAB-R AQ and baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)³³ as fixed effects and hospital site as a random effect.²⁰ Unadjusted results for both primary and secondary analyses are also reported. Safety analyses are reported in Table 1.

Table 1.

Adverse events and serious adverse events

	UC (n = 81)	High intensity (n = 164)	Unadjusted analysis
	UC (n = 81)	High intensity (n = 164)	p value	Odds ratio (95% CI)
No. of adverse events	33	87	p = 0.08^a	1.62 (0.92–2.89)
No. of deaths (%)	4 (5)	10 (6)	p = 1^b	1.24 (0.34–5.60)
Depression	19 (23.5)	35 (21)	p = 0.69^a	0.88 (0.45–1.76)
Neurological Complications	2 (2.5)	9 (5.5)	p = 0.35^b	2.27 (0.45–22.10)
No. of serious adverse events (%)			p = 0.11^b	–
0	68 (84)	121 (73.3)	–	–
1	12 (14.8)	29 (17.6)	–	1.36 (0.62–3.12)
2	1 (1.2)	9 (5.5)	–	5.03 (0.67–224.67)
>2	0 (0)	6 (3.6)	–	∞ [infinite] (0·64–∞)

UC: usual care.

Data are n (%).

Chi-square test.

Fisher’s exact test.

The primary and secondary outcome analyses are reported without imputation of missing data,²⁰ supplemented by analyses with imputed data sets (see Supplement p. 7—Imputation Plot).²⁰ An additional efficacy subgroup analysis explored age, sex, baseline aphasia severity (AQ), and disability (mRS³⁴). Subgroup analysis of treatment type (UC-Plus compared to VERSE subgroup comparisons) used a linear mixed model (see Supplemental Table S2). No adjustments were made to p values for multiple comparisons in subgroup analyses or the analyses of secondary outcomes. All analyses were completed using R³⁵ and statistical analyses were performed by the trial statistician and verified by a statistician blinded to group allocation. The trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613000776707); and Universal Trial Number (U1111-1145-4130).

Data availability

VERSE individual deidentified participant trial data (including data dictionary) will be available through the CATS³⁶ international aphasia data repository.

Results

Between 4 June 2014 and 10 February 2018, 13,654 patients with acute stroke were screened; 3477 (25%) had aphasia, 866 (25%) of whom were trial eligible, and 246 (28%) participants were enrolled (Figure 1). Last patient, last visit occurred on 31 July 2018. One randomized participant withdrew consent; their data were withdrawn from analysis (N = 245). At the primary endpoint (week 12), 14 (6%) participants had died, 9 (4%) had withdrawn, and 6 (2.5%) were too unwell for assessment, leaving 217 (88%; within the 20% lost to follow-up allowance²⁰) participants in the primary analysis.

Figure 1.

CONSORT study flow diagram.

Baseline demographic, stroke, and communication characteristics were balanced across all groups, except for greater concomitant dysarthria (frequency and severity) in the UC group (Table 2; see Supplemental Table S1 for demographics all groups). A third of participants were over 80 years and 71% had moderate to severe aphasia (WAB-R AQ ≤ 62.5). Participants were randomized at median 9 (IQR 5) days after stroke onset and 224 (91%) participants received therapy within the first two weeks of stroke (Table 3). As intended, the high intensity groups received treatment two days earlier than those receiving UC (p = 0.008).

Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of the intention-to-treat population

	Usual care (n = 81)	High intensity (n = 164)
Recruitment region
Australia (n, %)	75 (93%)	155 (94%)
New Zealand	6 (7%)	10 (6%)
Patient details
Age (mean, SD)	76 (17)	75 (18)
<65	20 (25%)	43 (26%)
65–80	37 (46%)	67 (41%)
>80	24 (30%)	54 (33%)
Sex
Male (n, %)	38 (47%)	84 (51%)
Female (n, %)	43 (53%)	80 (49%)
Pre-morbid history (living arrangements prior to stroke)
Home alone (n, %)	25 (31%)	44 (27%)
Home with other	53 (65%)	115 (70%)
Supported accommodation	0 (0%)	1 (<1%)
Unknown	3 (4%)	4 (3%)
Stroke risk factors
Hypertension (n, %)	42 (52%)	83 (51%)
Ischemic heart disease	18 (22%)	53 (32%)
Atrial fibrillation	25 (31%)	44 (27%)
Hypercholesterolemia	10 (12%)	16 (10%)
Diabetes	9 (11%)	25 (15%)
Current smoker	10 (12%)	18 (11%)
Baseline NIHSS	8 (7)	9 (6)
Oxfordshire Stroke Classification
TACS (n, %)	17 (21%)	35 (21%)
PACS	55 (68%)	110 (67%)
POCS	3 (4%)	6 (4%)
LACS	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Hemorrhage	6 (7%)	13 (8%)
Time to Randomization (days)	9 (4)	10 (5)
Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test	5 (8)	5 (8)
Western Aphasia Battery-Revised Aphasia Quotient (mean, SD)	42.4 (28.9)	40.5 (27.8)
Mild (93.6–62.6)	25 (31%)	47 (29%)
Moderate (62.5–31.3)	24 (29%)	49 (30%)
Severe (0–31.2)	32 (40%)	68 (41%)
Discourse measures (>200 words; N = 229)	22 (27%)	41 (25%)
Number of words	159 (171)	151 (204)
Number correct information units	74 (97)	70 (110)
% correct information units	15.1 (25.7)	14.0 (25.8)
Boston Naming Test (N = 242; mean, SD)	15.9 (17.4)	13.2 (16.3)
AusTOMS—dysarthria
No impairment (n, %)	50 (62%)	80 (49%)
Apraxia of speech
No impairment (n, %)	38 (47%)	79 (48%)
Clock drawing/cognition test, median (IQR; N = 239)	1 (3.5)	1 (3)
Dysphagia present (n, %)	43 (53%)	89 (54%)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: modified Rankin Scale; TACS: total anterior circulation stroke; PACS: partial anterior circulation stroke; POCS: posterior circulation stroke; LACS: lacunar stroke; AusTOMS: Australian Therapy Outcome Measures.

Data are mean (SD), n (%), or median (IQR).

Table 3.

Hospital stay and intervention characteristics

	UC (n = 81)	High intensity (n = 164)	p value	Median shift, mean difference or odds ratio (95% CI)
Length of inpatient stay (days)	15 (27)	20.5 (40)	p = 0.2^b	Median shift = 3.0 (−1.0–8.0)
Time to first therapy (days)	10 (8)	8 (6)	p = 0.008^b	Median shift = 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
Received rtPA treatment	17 (21)	26 (16)	p = 0.32^a	OR 1.4 (95% CI: (0.7–2.8))
Received therapy as inpatient	77 (95)	164 (100)	p = 0.011^d	OR = ∞ [infinite] (1.4–∞)
Received therapy within 15 days	64 (79)	160 (98)	p < 0.001^a	OR = 10.5 (3.3–44.6)
Trial protocol compliant	-	135 (82)	p = 0.94^a	OR = 0.97 (0.44–2.05)
Number of intervention days (median (IQR))	28 (17)	32 (7)	p = 0.019^e	Median shift = 3.0 (0.0001–5)
Number of therapy sessions (intervention period)	12 (11)	30 (14.2)	p < 0.001^b	Median shift = 16.0 (14.0–19.0)
Sessions per week	3.1 (2.7)	6.4 (2.9)	p < 0.001^b	Median shift = 2.9 (2.4–3.4)
Length of session (minutes)	37.2 (11.7)	45.3 (8.5)	p < 0.001^c	Mean difference = 8.1 (5.1–11.0)
Intervention—total therapy	9.5 (7.6)	22.7 (8.4)	p < 0.001^c	Mean difference = 13.2 (11.0–15.3)
Week 12 total therapy amount (hours)	12.4 (10.6)	26.0 (11.1)	p < 0.001^c	Mean difference = 13.6 (10.7–16.5)
Week 26 total therapy amount (hours)	15.4 (13.4)	28.7 (14.7)	p < 0.001^c	Mean difference = 13.3 (9.6–17.0)

tPA: recombinant tissue plasminogen activator; UC: usual care.

Data are n (%), median (IQR), or mean (SD).

Chi-square test.

Mann–Whitney test.

t test.

Fisher’s exact test.

Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

The high intensity groups completed 20 sessions across 32 days (median) and received a total mean time of 22.7 h (SD 8.4) h of aphasia therapy (average of 5 h per week). This compared to 9.5 (SD 7.6) mean hours over 28 (17) days (median, IQR; average of 2.3 h per week) in the UC group (Table 3). Four (5%) participants in the UC group received no aphasia therapy during the intervention period. Usual care therapists submitted three of the total 434 (<1%) video recorded aphasia therapy sessions. Between the end of the prescribed intervention and the primary endpoint at week 12, all participants received usual care speech-language services: participants in the high intensity group received a mean of 3.3 (SD 6.0) additional hours of therapy; UC participants received a mean of 2.9 (SD 5.4) additional hours. Limited additional therapy was provided after week 12 (Table 3). The intensive intervention was delivered per protocol to 82% (n = 164) of those randomized to UC-Plus and VERSE groups (Supplemental Table S2). Among the 29 participants who did not receive the full intervention, 22 were due to death/illness/fatigue or refusal, 6 to intervention protocol non-adherence, and 1 was due to insufficient staffing. Table 4 outlines the therapy components of UC, UC-Plus, and VERSE.

Table 4.

Treatment components (type) of usual care, usual care-Plus, and VERSE intervention

Treatment characteristic	Usual care	Usual care-Plus	VERSE
Treatment individually tailored	✓	✓	✓
Treatment included reading and writing	✓	✓	×
Task appropriate for goal/participant	✓	✓	✓
45–60 min direct intervention recorded	✓	✓	✓
Cueing strictly followed hierarchy	×	×	✓
Successive cues following each error	×	×	✓
High verbal output by patient	×/✓	×/✓	✓
Reduced verbal output by clinician	×/✓	×/✓	✓
Therapy embedded in conversation	×/✓	×/✓	✓
Verbal output within challenge point	×/✓	×/✓	✓
Salient everyday communication exchanges	×/✓	×/✓	✓

VERSE: Very Early Rehabilitation for SpEech study.

At 12 weeks post stroke, the unadjusted mean %MPR of those in the high intensity group (UC-Plus and VERSE) was 50.5% (SD 32.4) compared to 52.9% (SD 29.5) in the UC group (Table 5). Our primary analysis (adjusted) showed recovery at 52.1% for the UC group (95% CI 46.1–58.1) and 50.3% (95% CI 45.7–54.8) for the high intensity group, after controlling for baseline AQ, NIHSS, and hospital site. The between-group difference of −1.8 (favoring control; (95% CI −8.7–5.0) was not significant (p = 0.59; Figure 2; Supplemental Table S3 for all group comparisons). Multiple imputations for missing data, assuming the data were missing at random, showed similar results. Deviations from this assumption were assessed through a sensitivity analysis (Supplemental Figure S1).

Figure 2.

WAB-R (AQ) Baseline, 12-, and 26-week outcomes with 95% confidence intervals.

Table 5.

Outcomes at 12 and 26 weeks post stroke

	UC (n = 70)	High intensity (n = 147)	Unadjusted analysis		Adjusted analysis
	UC (n = 70)	High intensity (n = 147)	p value	Mean difference (95% CI)	p value	Mean difference (95% CI)
Week 12—Primary outcome
Western Aphasia Battery-Revised Aphasia Quotient	70.02 (28.7)	67.2 (29.9)	p = 0.51^b	−2.8 (−11.2–5.5)	–	–
% Maximal potential recovery	52.9 (29.5)	50.5 (32.4)	p = 0.58^b	(−11.2–6.3)	p = 0.59	−1.9 (−8.7–5.0)
Week 12—Secondary outcomes
Boston Naming Test	31.3 (18.8)	30.3 (20.8)	p = 0.73^b	−1.1 (−7.0–4.9)	p = 0.31	0.48 (−3.3–4.2)
Discourse measures (>200 words; n, %)	42 (60)	80 (54)	p = 0.32^a	OR = 0.7 (0.4–1.3)	–	–
No. of words^c	367 (297)	316 (307)	p = 0.26^b	−51 (−38.9–140.6)	–	–
No. of correct information units	253 (242)	212 (246)	p = 0.25^b	−42 (−30.9–114.4)	–	–
% Correct information units	58 (26.4)	55 (28)	p = 0.44^b	−3.1 (−11.1–4.9)	p = 0.38	(−11.0–4.1)
Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39	3.6 (0.76)	3.3 (0.87)	p = 0.03^b	−1.3 (−0.51–0.03)	p = 0.24	−012 (−0.33, 0.08)
Aphasia Depression Rating Scale	5.6 (3.77)	5.6 (3.88)	p = 0.30^b	0.59 (−0.54, 1, 73)	p = 0.31	0.57 (−0.53, 1.67)
Week 26—Primary outcome
Western Aphasia Battery-Revised AQ	75.7 (25.3)	71.7 (28.9)	p = 0.33^b	−4.0 (−11.9–4.0)	–	–
% Maximal potential recovery	61.7 (25.5)	54.7 (34.6)	p = 0.12^b	−6.9 (−15.6–1.7)	p = 0.09	−6.1 (−13.2–1.0)
Week 26—Secondary outcomes
Discourse measures (>200 words)	42 (60)	86 (58)	p = 0.88^b	OR = 0.9 (0.4–1.8)	–	–
No. of words	379 (337)	375 (355)	p = 0.94^a	−4 (−102.8–110.2)	–	–
No. of correct information units	266 (276)	265 (295)	p = 0.99^b	−0.6 (−86.8–88.1)	–	–
% Correct information units	62.8 (26.9)	60.5 (27.2)	p = 0.60^b	−2.2 (−10.6–6.2)	p = 0.87	−0.64 (−8.5–7.2)
Boston Naming Test	37.5 (18)	34.6 (20)	p = 0.13^b	−2.9 (−8.9–3.1)	p = 0.31	−2.0 (−5.9–1.9)
Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39	3.65 (0.76)	3.5 (0.82)	p = 0.23^b	−0.14 (−0.38–0.10)	p = 0.34	−0.12 (−0.33–0.08)
Aphasia Depression Rating Scale	4.76 (3.8)	4.2 (3.3)	p = 0.32^b	−0.57 (−1.70–0.56)	p = 0.35	−0.51 (−1.57–0.56)

UC:: usual care.

Chi-square test.

t test.

Analysis conducted on >200 words.

Data are n (%) or mean (SD). Adjusted analysis accounts for baseline Western Aphasia Battery-Revised Aphasia Quotient, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores as fixed factors and randomizing sites as a random factor.

The results were similar across all secondary outcomes with no statistically significant differences noted (Table 5). The pre-specified exploratory analysis of subgroups²⁰ found no statistically significant differences for any variables (Supplemental Figure S3). The subgroup comparisons for %MPR at 12 weeks was 52.2% for the VERSE group (95% CI 46.3–58.2) and 48.4% for the UC-Plus group (95% CI 42.5–54.3; Supplemental Table S3).

By the 26-week follow-up, 202 participants (82%), consisting of 139 (85%) participants from the high intensity group (70 (85%) UC-Plus and 69 (83%) from VERSE) and 63 (78%) participants from the UC group, were assessed. At this time point, the overall group mean %MPR was 56.9% (SD 32.2).

The high intensity group %MPR was 54.7% (SD 34.6) and the UC %MPR was 61.7% (SD 25.8) indicating greater recovery for usual care participants, though not statistically significant (p = 0.12). There were no significant differences in non-fatal or fatal adverse events between groups (Table 1). New cases of depression were diagnosed in 35 (21%) participants in the high intensity group compared with 19 (23.5%) in UC (p = 0.67).

Discussion

We conducted the largest, multicenter aphasia clinical trial in stroke to date, assessing the effectiveness of aphasia therapy in very early post-stroke recovery. Designed to determine if ‘more intensive aphasia therapy is better’ in the acute post-stroke phase, our early intensive therapy regimen commenced on average two days earlier and was delivered more frequently and in a greater amount than in UC. We found that 22 h (or an average 5 h per week) of aphasia therapy (regardless of type) delivered over 32 days, showed no benefit over 9.5 h delivered over 28 days (2.3 h per week) for the primary outcome WAB-R AQ at 12 weeks post stroke. That is, more therapy started on or before day eight post stroke, did not significantly enhance language or communication recovery, or global outcomes such as quality of life or depression at 12 or 26 weeks. Provision of more intensive therapy did not result in greater adverse outcomes and was safe and feasible to deliver. The majority of participants in the VERSE trial, regardless of group allocation, achieved significant, clinically meaningful gains in language recovery. We believe the trial sample was representative of a typical population with post-stroke aphasia evidenced by the severity of stroke and aphasia recruited to this trial.⁸ Our 7% recruitment rate is consistent with recruitment for acute stroke trials.⁷

Our current findings were unexpected, based on our pilot studies^5,18 which showed significant benefit of early, intensive aphasia treatment. In addition, we found a considerable increase in the amount of aphasia therapy provided as usual care, but not in the type of therapy provided,³⁷ compared with the results of our pilot trial.⁵ Our Phase I trial⁵ was conducted over 10 years ago, and at this time, among the 15% of participants who received aphasia therapy, only 14 min was provided in a single session over three weeks. The shift in usual care service delivery in this trial was evidenced by 81% of UC participants receiving: (i) early aphasia therapy within the first 15 days post stroke; (ii) more frequent sessions (3 per week), and (iii) 9.5 h of aphasia therapy over 28 days. These changes may reflect a greater focus on national clinical guidelines³⁸ with recommendations to increase the amount of aphasia therapy based on expert consensus influenced by early, yet underpowered trials. They may also reflect the fact that the sites in this trial were self-selected, hence it may be that these sites have an increased number of therapists compared to other sites who did not participate in the trial. The increase in UC aphasia services may also be the result of an increased will to ‘do more’ as part of the trial, a phenomenon known as the ‘Hawthorn Effect’, secondary to recording and monitoring of these services. For the Usual Care therapy sessions, fewer than 1% of sessions were video recorded despite the larger than expected number of hours of aphasia therapy that were provided to this group in the trial. We believe the low number of recorded sessions in this group reflects standard videorecording practice at these sites.

Results presented here are suggestive of the economic ‘law of diminishing returns’ applied within a medical service delivery model which specifies that “beyond a certain point, additional inputs produce smaller and smaller outputs”³⁹ (p. 371). Our sufficiently powered trial shows diminishing marginal returns from the additional aphasia therapy provided in early stroke recovery. The small difference observed in %MPR (1.8%) between the UC and high intensity cohorts at 12 weeks post stroke, means a 1.8 point difference for a profoundly impaired participant with a baseline WAB-R AQ score of 0 (no verbal output). For a participant with a baseline AQ of 40 (average for our trial and indicative of a participant speaking in two-word phrases with frequent errors and word-finding difficulties), the between group difference equates to 1.14 points at 12 weeks. These small group differences were not considered clinically relevant (defined as 5 points²⁹ on the WAB-R AQ).

The within group differences (over 25 points) were between 50% and 52% of MPR. From a clinical perspective, it was reassuring to show the majority of VERSE participants achieved a large and clinically meaningful gain in language recovery, regardless of group allocation, and this was consistent with our earlier trials.^5,18 Clinically, the average participant progressed from speaking in two-word phrases with multiple word, sound and grammatical errors and requiring assistance with all communication interactions, to speaking in coherent and appropriate sentences. Prior research to predict maximal potential aphasia recovery in acute stroke has been limited to a sample of 21 patients whereby the predicted improvement within the first 12 weeks was estimated at 70%.²⁸ Our findings suggest that average predicted recovery from aphasia at 12 weeks may be somewhat lower than that. However, our findings reflect considerably more change than expected in people with chronic aphasia (>6 months post stroke) where interventions are considered to be potent if they deliver change of 5-points²⁸ or more on the WAB-R AQ.

The contribution of spontaneous recovery to outcome remains elusive. Inclusion of a no treatment arm was not considered ethical in this pragmatic trial, given that patients in Australia and New Zealand expect to receive aphasia therapy in the acute phase of stroke care. It is likely that the early, rapid recovery in the first six months after stroke seen in this trial is due to a combination of spontaneous recovery and a treatment effect. We set about to determine if additional therapy to standard care enhanced spontaneous recovery rather than attempting to discern the individual value of each component. In the few studies where there has been an attempt to measure effects of spontaneous recovery, varied study designs, small participant numbers, different measurement time points, or different outcome measures have been used, making the drawing of conclusions problematic. In a meta-analysis⁴⁰ of 5928 individual patient data, there are 23 cases⁵ of documented spontaneous recovery as part of usual care, that have comparable outcome measures (completed in English) collected within 14 days (baseline) and 26 weeks post stroke. The amount of spontaneous language and communication recovery of this historical control cohort is presented in the Supplement (Supplemental Figure S4) and indicates a medium effect size well below that seen in the VERSE trial.

Our results challenge the previously held neuro-recovery theoretical perception that ‘more intensive therapy is better’ when commenced in the first two weeks of stroke onset. The UC therapy regimen of a mean 9.5 h (SD 7) h, comprising 25- to 45-min sessions provided three times per week within 38 days (10 days to randomization and 28 days of intervention) post stroke may be a sufficient therapy regimen to support recovery in the first six months post stroke. However, definitive thresholds regarding timing, intensity and type of therapy are difficult to describe without stronger data on natural recovery in the acute phase. Similarly, while this study provided a higher, more intense dose of aphasia therapy than is common in early usual care without significant benefit, it remains unclear whether a much higher dose, for example, 100 h over 12 weeks, would be more efficacious.

This study adds strong additional evidence to the RATS-3³ trial findings from an internationally diverse, English speaking population. RATS-3³ showed no significant difference between communication recovery at 4, 12 or 26 weeks post stroke after intensive aphasia therapy in the first six weeks of recovery when compared with a delayed intervention control group. The VERSE results demonstrate no benefit of intensive aphasia therapy compared to therapy at a lesser intensity in the first six weeks of language and communication recovery at 12 and 26 weeks. Together, these trials^3–6 provide compelling evidence to challenge the ‘intensive’ mindset in early stroke language and communication recovery.

The question of ‘what is enough?’ therapy is paramount here. Some may propose that the total intervention regimen in this and other trials^{1,3,4,5,18,40} was insufficient (below the theoretical threshold of at least 98 h in total¹⁹) to demonstrate a benefit of treatment intensity in this recovery period. We suggest that the intensity and total hours of intervention in the UC participants presented here demonstrate clinically meaningful change that can be attributed to a combination of therapy effect and spontaneous recovery.

Directions for future early aphasia therapy research

There is a risk that a ‘non-aphasia expert’ may misinterpret the results from this study to indicate that early aphasia therapy or intensive aphasia therapy does not lead to meaningful benefits post stroke. This study addresses the specific issue of ‘more intensive therapy’ in the early recovery period; it did not evaluate chronic recovery or the effect of ‘treatment’ versus ‘no treatment’. There are several important research areas that must be addressed in order to deliver improved recovery for people with aphasia. Aphasia research needs Level 1 evidence to address: (i) the dose response in early and chronic aphasia recovery; (ii) the optimal type of therapy to provide to whom and at what time post stroke; and (iii) what other factors contribute to early aphasia recovery (e.g. the role of stroke unit care in clinical improvement). The ability to monitor other therapies available (i.e. physiotherapy, occupational therapy) and social interactions was outside the funding scope of this trial. Within the RCT design, we expect that the input of other health professionals is similar across groups. The potential for physical training provided by other therapists, which may offer additional language practice, to interact with or support language recovery is currently unexplored, and may be an area for future study.

Our results do not support increasing aphasia therapy intensity in the first 38 days post stroke above what is reported as UC in this trial, nor support the modification of existing services related to type and amount of aphasia therapy provided in current practice in Australia and New Zealand for post stroke early aphasia recovery.

In aphasia research fruitful next important areas of enquiry should include: (i) strong Phase I studies determining the effect of a dose range of identified active ingredients; and (ii) Phase II studies establishing feasibility of dose specific treatment regimens in early aphasia recovery.

Supplemental Material

sj-pdf-1-wso-10.1177_1747493020961926 - Supplemental material for A randomized control trial of intensive aphasia therapy after acute stroke: The Very Early Rehabilitation for SpEech (VERSE) study

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-wso-10.1177_1747493020961926 for A randomized control trial of intensive aphasia therapy after acute stroke: The Very Early Rehabilitation for SpEech (VERSE) study by Erin Godecke, Elizabeth Armstrong, Tapan Rai, Natalie Ciccone, Miranda L Rose, Sandy Middleton, Anne Whitworth, Audrey Holland, Fiona Ellery, Graeme J Hankey, Dominique A Cadilhac, Julie Bernhardt and on behalf of the VERSE Collaborative Group in International Journal of Stroke

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely thank the VERSE Collaboration investigators for their commitment to this trial and the participants and their families who have helped us to add valuable information and help guide best practice for the management of early aphasia recovery. Thank you to our data management team for their hard work—Sanita Kratina (Trial Operations Manager), Edith Cowan University, Perth Australia; Crystal Ladzinski (Therapy Data monitor), Perth Australia; Oriana Borschmann (Assessment Data monitor), Melbourne Australia; Leonid Churilov and Li Chun Quang for REDCap™ assistance and to Jan Chamberlain for her assistance with preparation of this article. The content of this publication is solely the responsibility of the authors and the funding bodies played no part in the trial or interpretation of the findings. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number: ACTRN12613000776707. The authors sincerely thank the members of our DSMB (appendix 2) for their oversight of the trial.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Erin Godecke—NHMRC Funding: App1083010, APP1132468, App1153236, NIH (UK) HS&DR Program funding; Elizabeth Armstrong—NHMRC Funding: APP1132468; Tapan Rai reports no disclosures; Miranda L Rose—NHMRC Funding: App1083010, App1153236; Fiona Ellery FE reports personal fees from Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne during the conduct of the study; Graham J Hankey has received honoraria from Bayer for lecturing at sponsored scientific symposia and consulting on advisory boards about stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation; Dominique A Cadilhac—NHMRC Funding App1063761, App1154273; Julie Bernhardt—NHMRC Funding JB—App1154904, App1058635. This study was funded by National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1044973), The Tavistock Trust for Aphasia (UK), Edith Cowan University, Australia.

Authors’ contributions

Statistical analysis was conducted by Associate Professor Tapan Rai, PhD, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.

ORCID iDs

Erin Godecke

Elizabeth Armstrong

Natalie Ciccone

Miranda L Rose

Sandy Middleton

Dominique A Cadilhac

Julie Bernhardt

Supplemental material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

References

Brady MC, Kelly H, Godwin J, Enderby P and Campbell P. Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016: (6). Art. No.: CD000425. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000425.pub4.

Hermann

Chopp

. Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11: 369–380.

Nouwens

de Lau

LML

Visch-Brink

, et al. on behalf of the RATS-3 investigators. Efficacy of early cognitive-linguistic treatment for aphasia due to stroke: a randomised controlled trial (Rotterdam Aphasia Therapy Study-3). Euro Stroke J 2017; 2: 126–136.

Laska

Kahan

Hellblom

Murray

von Arbin

. A randomized controlled trial on very early speech and language therapy in patients with acute stroke and aphasia. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2011; 1: 66–74.

Godecke

Hird

Lalor

Rai

Phillips

. Very early post-stroke aphasia therapy: a pilot randomised controlled efficacy trial. Int J Stroke 2012; 7: 635–644.

Godecke

Armstrong

Ciccone

, et al. The design of “A prospective multicentre, randomised controlled trial of Very Early Rehabilitation in Speech (VERSE) in patients with aphasia following acute stroke”. Int J Stroke 2016; 11: 586–592.

Bernhardt

Langhorn

Lindley

, et al. Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 hours of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 386: 46–55.

Engelter

Gostynski

Papa

, et al. Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to first ischaemic stroke: Incidence, severity, fluency, etiology and thrombolysis. Stroke 2006; 37: 1379–1384.

Béjot

Daubail

Giroud

. Epidemiology of stroke and transient ischaemic attacks: current knowledge and perspectives. Rev Neurologque 2016; 172: 59–68.

10.

Ali

Lyden

Brady

. on behalf of the VISTA Collaboration. Aphasia and dysarthria in acute stroke: recovery and functional outcome. Int J Stroke 2015; 10: 400–406.

11.

Ellis

Simpson

Bonilha

Mauldin

Simpson

. The one-year attributable cost of poststroke aphasia. Stroke 2012; 43: 1429–1231.

12.

Krakauer

Thomas Carmichael

Corbett

Wittenberg

. Getting neurorehabilitation right: What can be learned from animal models? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012; 26: 923–931.

13.

Breitenstein

Grewe

Flöel

, et al. Intensive speech and language therapy in patients with chronic aphasia after stroke: a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, controlled trial in a health-care setting. Lancet 2017; 389: 1528–1538.

14.

Reinvang

Engvik

. Norsk Grunntest Afasi, Oslo: Norbok, 1980.

15.

Blomert

Kean

Koster

, et al. Amsterdam-Nijmegen Everyday Language Test – construction, reliability and validity. Aphasiology 1994; 8: 381–407.

16.

Kertesz

Raven

. Western Aphasia Battery-Revised, New York, NY: NCS Pearson, 2007.

17.

Sarno

. Functional communication profile, London: Whurr Publishers, 1969.

18.

Ciccone N, Cream A, West D, et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing individual and constraint induced aphasia therapy in very early recovery following stroke. Aphasiology. Epub ahead of print July 2015. DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2015.1071480.

19.

Bhogal

Teasell

Foley

Speechley

. Rehabilitation of aphasia: more is better. Top Stroke Rehabil 2003; 10: 66–76.

20.

Godecke

Rai

Cadilhac

, et al. Statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the Very Early Rehabilitation in Speech (VERSE) after stroke trial: an international 3-arm clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of early, intensive, prescribed, direct aphasia therapy. Int J Stroke 2018; 13: 863–880.

21.

Nicholas

Brookshire

. Presence completeness and accuracy of main concepts in the connected speech of non-brain injured in adults. J Speech Hear Res 1995; 38: 145–156.

22.

Jayes

Palmer

. Initial evaluation of the Consent Support Tool: a structured procedure to facilitate the inclusion and engagement of people with aphasia in the informed consent process. Int J SLP 2014; 16: 150–168.

23.

Enderby

Wood

Wade

Hewer

. The Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test: a short, simple test for aphasia appropriate for non-specialists. Int Rehabil Med 1986; 8: 166–170.

24.

Harris

Taylor

Thielke

Payne

Gonzalez

Conde

. Research electronic data capture (REDCap) – a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 2009; 42: 377–381.

25.

Hoffman

Glasziou

Boutron

, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014; 348: g1687.

26.

Chan

A-W

Tetzlaff

Gøtzsche

, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ 2013; 346: e7586.

27.

Holland

Fromm

Forbes

MacWhinney

. Long-term recovery in stroke accompanied by aphasia: a reconsideration. Aphasiology 2017; 31: 152–165.

28.

Lazar

Minzer

Antoniello

Festa

Krakauer

Marshall

. Improvement in aphasia scores after stroke is well predicted by initial severity. Stroke 2010; 41: 1485–1488.

29.

Gilmore N, Dwyer M and Kiran S. Benchmarks of significant change after aphasia rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Epub ahead of print 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.177.

30.

Kaplan

Goodglass

Weintraub

. Boston naming test, 2nd ed. New York, NY: NCS Pearson, 2000.

31.

Hilari

Byng

Lamping

Smith

. Stroke and aphasia quality of life scale-39 (SAQOL-39) evaluation of acceptability, reliability, and validity. Stroke 2003; 34: 1944–1950.

32.

Benaim

Cailly

Pélissier

Pérennou

. Validation of the aphasic depression rating scale. Stroke 2004; 35: 1692–1696.

33.

National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 1995, http://www.stroke-site.org/stroke_scales/stroke_scales.html.

34.

Rankin

. Cerebral vascular accidents in patients over the age of 60. Scot Med J 1957; 2: 200–215.

35.

R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2018, https://www.R-project.org/.

36.

Collaboration of Aphasia Trialists (CATs) 2018, The Tavistock Trust for Aphasia, 14 April 2019, https://www.aphasiatrials.org/.

37.

Brogan E, Godecke E and Ciccone N. Behind the therapy door: what is “usual care” therapy in acute stroke management. Aphasiology. Epub ahead of print 18 May 2020. DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2020.1759268.

38.

Stroke Foundation 2017. Clinical guidelines for stroke management, Melbourne, Australia.

39.

Mold

Hamm

Mccarthy

. The law of diminishing returns in clinical medicine: how much risk reduction is enough? JABFM 2010; 23: 371–375.

40.

Brady MC, Ali M, VandenBerg K, et al. RELEASE: an individual participant data meta-analysis, incorporating systematic review and network meta-analysis, of complex speech-language therapy interventions for stroke-related aphasia. National Institute for Health Research – Program Grant for Applied Research, 2019.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

2.27 MB