Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background and aims

Individual MRI markers of cerebral small vessel disease are associated with gait impairment. The impact of total cerebral small vessel disease-related brain damage, expressed by a cerebral small vessel disease MRI burden score, on mobility after stroke, has not been considered, although this score gives a better representation of the overall effect of cerebral small vessel disease on the brain. We determined if the total cerebral small vessel disease burden is associated with gait impairment three years after minor stroke.

Methods

In total, 200 patients with minor lacunar or non-lacunar stroke (NIHSS ≤ 7) underwent a brain MRI at presentation. Presence of lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microbleeds, and perivascular spaces were summed in a total cerebral small vessel disease MRI burden score (range 0–4). Gait disturbances, measured by timed-up-and-go test and self-reported stroke impact scale mobility domain were assessed three years after stroke. We tested associations adjusted for key variables by linear regression analysis.

Results

Total cerebral small vessel disease burden was not associated with gait impairment after minor stroke in all patients, nor in lacunar stroke patients (n = 87). In non-lacunar stroke patients (n = 113), total cerebral small vessel disease burden was associated with lower stroke impact scale mobility domain scores, independent of age, vascular risk factors, and stroke severity (unstandardized B −4.61; 95% CI −8.42; −0.79, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Patients with non-lacunar stroke and a higher total cerebral small vessel disease burden have more subjective mobility impairment three years after stroke. The total cerebral small vessel disease MRI burden score is a possible marker to identify patients at risk for subjective gait impairment. These findings should be confirmed in larger studies.

Keywords

Cerebral small vessel disease minor stroke total cerebral small vessel disease burden gait impairment stroke impact scale functional outcome

Introduction

Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) causes MRI visible brain damage, including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, perivascular spaces (PVS), and cerebral microbleeds (CMB).^1,2 The burden of cSVD on public health is substantial: cSVD is a leading cause of cognitive impairment, dementia, and stroke.³

Less recognized, cSVD is also related to gait disturbances^4,5 and worse functional outcome after stroke.^6–8 Several studies have demonstrated that individual MRI markers of cSVD, including WMH and CMB, are related to gait impairment.^4,5,9,10 However, most of these studies have focused on individual MRI features of cSVD rather than recognizing the impact of total cSVD-related brain damage. A total cSVD burden score, based on visual MRI feature recognition, might better capture the relation between risk factors and brain injury^11,12 or the overall effect of cSVD on cognitive function.^13,14 Whether the total cSVD MRI burden score is associated with gait impairment after stroke is unknown.

Aims

We aimed to determine if overall cSVD-related brain damage, measured by a total cSVD MRI burden score, is associated with gait disturbances, objectively measured by the timed-up-and-go (TUG) test and subjectively assessed by self-reported stroke impact scale (SIS) mobility domain score, three years after minor ischemic stroke. In a secondary analysis, we also tested the association between the total cSVD burden scale and functional stroke outcome, measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).

Methods

For a detailed description, see the online-only Supplemental Data. In short, we used data from a prospective observational study in patients with minor ischemic stroke (Mild Stroke Study-2).^15–17 The study was approved by the Scotland and Lothian Research Ethics Committee (ref 09/S1101/54) and all patients gave written informed consent.

All patients underwent a 1.5 Tesla brain MRI scan, which was assessed for presence of an acute symptomatic lacunar or non-lacunar infarct. Baseline MRI was also rated for presence of lacunes, WMH, CMB, and basal ganglia PVS, all according to the Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging (STRIVE) for reporting studies in cSVD.² These MRI markers were summed in an ordinal “total cSVD burden score” (with a range of 0–4) by counting presence of each of these four MRI features.^12,14 Definition of MRI markers and details on cSVD burden score is in the online-only Supplemental Data.

Three years after stroke, gait disturbances were objectively measured by TUG test and subjectively assessed by self-reported SIS mobility domain score. The TUG test measures time (in seconds) to get up from a chair, walk 3 m, turn around, walk back, and sit back down.¹⁸ The SIS is a stroke-specific, self-reported assessment questionnaire with eight different domains, including mobility. The SIS mobility domain score (range 0–100) was calculated from nine mobility items by using a validated logarithm.¹⁹ A low SIS mobility domain score reflects a high impact on health-related quality of life. Functional disability outcome was assessed by mRS at three years after stroke.

We tested associations adjusted for key variables (age, gender, vascular risk factors, and stroke severity (NIHSS)) by linear regression analysis (log-transformed TUG, SIS) and by logistic regression analysis (mRS). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 (2-tailed).

Results

Patients and baseline characteristics

In total, 200 of 264 minor stroke patients had a three-year clinical follow-up (Figure 1). For a detailed description, see the online-only Supplemental Data. Baseline clinical and MRI characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Figure 1.

Patient recruitment data of MSS II 3-year follow-up study. MSS II: Mild Stroke Study-2.

Table 1.

Characteristics of 200 minor stroke patients who had a three-year clinical follow-up

	Total stroke group N = 200	Lacunar stroke N = 87	Non-lacunar stroke N = 113
Demographics
Age (years; mean ± SD)	66.8 ± 11.4	64.3 ± 11.1	68. 7 ± 11.3*
Male (%)	112 (56)	49 (56)	63 (56)
NIHSS (range)	1 (0–7)	1 (0–7)	1 (0–5)*
Hypertension (%)	145 (73)	60 (69)	85 (75)
Diabetes mellitus (%)	20 (10)	7 (8)	13 (12)
Hyperlipidaemia (%)	126 (63)	56 (64)	70 (62)
Smoking (%)	61 (31)	31 (36)	30 (27)
MR imaging
Presence of lacunes	49 (25)	30 (35)	19 (17)*
Presence of brain microbleeds	33 (17)	18 (21)	15 (13)
Moderate-severe BG PVS (%)	100 (50)	48 (55)	52 (46)
Periventricular WMH Fazekas (%)
0	14 (7)	5 (6)	9 (8)
1	89 (44)	40 (46)	49 (43)
2	54 (27)	25 (29)	29 (26)
3	43 (22)	17 (20)	26 (23)
Deep WMH Fazekas (%)
0	19 (9)	7 (8)	12 (11)
1	96 (48)	42 (48)	54 (48)
2	52 (26)	27 (31)	25 (22)
3	33 (17)	11 (13)	22 (19)
Extensive WMH (%)	85 (43)	38 (44)	47 (42)
Total cSVD burden scale
0	64 (32)	24 (28)	40 (36)
1	52 (26)	20 (23)	32 (28)
2	47 (24)	23 (26)	24 (21)
3	27 (13)	12 (14)	15 (13)
4	10 (5)	8 (9)	2 (2)

p < 0.05. Lacunar stroke versus non-lacunar stroke patients.

SD: standard deviation; BG: basal ganglia; PVS: perivascular spaces; WMH: white matter hyperintensities; cSVD: cerebral small vessel disease.

Association between total cSVD burden and (log-transformed) TUG test

The TUG test was performed in 145 patients (73%) with a median time of 10.7 (range 3.2–38.6) s. Patients who completed the TUG test were significantly younger than patients who did not do the TUG test (n = 55) (65.5 ± 11.0 vs. 70.2 ± 11.8 years, p < 0.05); vascular risk factors and MRI characteristics did not differ between groups. The median time did not differ between lacunar stroke and non-lacunar stroke patients (10.9 (range 6.5–38.6) vs. 10.6 (range 3.2–26.7) s, p = 0.63). The total cSVD burden was not associated with log-transformed TUG test (linear regression analysis; Table 2).

Table 2.

Association between total cSVD burden and log-transformed timed-up-and-go test in minor stroke patients

Log-transformed timed-up-and-go test, unstandardized B (95% CI)
Total cSVD score	N	Unadjusted	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Total minor stroke group	145	0.02 (−0.00;0.04)	0.01 (−0.01;0.03)	0.01 (−0.02;0.03)	0.00 (−0.02;0.02)
Lacunar stroke	62	0.00 (−0.03;0.03)	0.00 (−0.03;0.04)	0.00 (−0.03;0.04)	−0.00 (−0.04;0.03)
Non-lacunar stroke	83	0.03* (0.00;0.05)	0.01 (−0.02;0.04)	0.01 (−0.02;0.04)	0.01 (−0.02;0.04)

Note: Model 1 adjusted for age and gender. Model 2 adjusted for age, gender and vascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and smoking). Model 3 adjusted for age, gender, vascular risk factors and NIHSS. Multiple hierarchical linear regression analysis, *p < 0.05.

cSVD: cerebral small vessel disease: CI: confidence interval.

Association between total cSVD burden and self-reported SIS mobility domain

The self-reported SIS mobility domain questionnaire, completed in 165 patients (83%), had a median score of 77.8 (range 22.2–100). The median SIS mobility score did not differ between the lacunar stroke and non-lacunar stroke group (both median of 77.8 (range 22.2–100), p = 0.78). Table 3 shows associations between total cSVD burden and SIS mobility domain score. No association was found between total cSVD burden score and SIS mobility domain score in the total minor stroke group, nor in lacunar stroke patients. In non-lacunar stroke patients, total cSVD burden was associated with worse scores on the SIS mobility domain (unstandardized B −6.68, 95% CI −9.96;−3.40, p < 0.01). This association remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, vascular risk factors, and stroke severity (unstandardized B −4.61; 95% CI −8.42;−0.79, p < 0.05).

Table 3.

Association between total cSVD burden and stroke impact scale mobility domain score in minor stroke patients

Stroke impact scale mobility domain score, unstandardized B (95% CI)
Total cSVD score	N	Unadjusted	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Total minor stroke group	165	−3.05* (−5.65;−0.45)	−1.76 (−4.51;1.00)	−1.55 (−4.35;1.25)	−0.95 (−3.77;1.86)
Lacunar stroke	73	0.50 (−3.71;4.71)	1.40 (−3.26;6.06)	1.20 (−3.43;5.83)	2.22 (−2.15;6.60)
Non-lacunar stroke	92	−6.68^† (−9.96; −3.40)	−4.69* (−8.22; −1.16)	−4.30* (−8.11; −0.49)	−4.61* (−8.42; −0.79)

cSVD: cerebral small vessel disease; CI: confidence interval.

There was a strong correlation between objectively measured TUG test and subjectively assessed SIS mobility domain score: correlation coefficient −0.58 (n = 142; p < 0.00).

Association between total cSVD burden and mRS

At three years of follow-up, 200 patients had mRS measurement with a median mRS of 1 (range 0–5). One hundred seventy-four patients (87%) were functionally independent (mRS ≤ 2) and 26 patients (13%) were functionally dependent (mRS 3–5). The total cSVD burden was associated with mRS > 2 in the total stroke group (OR 1.47; 95% CI: 1.05–2.06; p < 0.05). However, this association lost significance after adjusting for age, gender, vascular risk factors, and baseline stroke severity (OR 1.21; 95% CI 0.79–1.87, p = 0.38). No association was found between total cSVD burden and mRS in non-lacunar stroke patients (n = 113), nor in the lacunar stroke group (n = 87).

Discussion

Our study did not find an association between total cSVD burden and objectively measured gait disturbances, nor with subjectively assessed gait impairment in the total minor stroke group three years after stroke. However, in non-lacunar stroke patients, the total cSVD burden score was associated with lower self-reported SIS mobility domain scores three years after stroke, independent of stroke severity.

Previous neuroimaging studies have consistently demonstrated that individual MRI markers of cSVD are related to gait impairment,^4,5,9,10,20 mainly in community-dwelling subjects rather than stroke patients. The Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion Tensor and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cohort (RUNDMC) study, which included patients with clinical cSVD (including stroke and gait impairment), showed that WMH, number of lacunes, and CMB were associated with concurrent gait dysfunction, including impaired gait velocity and a prolonged TUG test.^5,9 The leukoaraiosis and disability (LADIS) study showed that WMH were associated with concurrent deterioration of gait function, especially at older age.^4,10

Although these studies have shown that individual MRI markers of cSVD are independently linked to concurrent gait impairment, these cSVD markers rarely occur in isolation on MRI. There is increasing evidence that a total cSVD MRI burden score, which summarizes individual cSVD markers in a compound scale, might better reflect the global overall effect of cSVD on the brain.^{11–14,20,21} A study²² in older subjects with vascular risk factors showed that concurrent gait function, measured by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale,²³ was associated with total cSVD burden. This was the first study looking at concurrent gait function and overall cSVD burden (but not after stroke), although the cSVD burden score was incomplete as they did not include PVS. Recently, a study²⁰ in community-dwelling older subjects found that WMH and the total cSVD score were independently associated with slower gait speed assessed by a six-meter walk test.

Contrary to these positive results in larger studies, mostly in subjects without stroke, we did not find any association between total cSVD burden and gait disturbances, measured by TUG test. There are several differences between studies. Our sample size was smaller, although the direction of the effect was consistent with an association between total cSVD burden and slowing gait. Second, we used the TUG test, and did not perform functional gait analysis, which would be a more quantitative and more sensitive method in assessing (subtle) mobility impairment. However, the TUG test is a valid outcome measurement that assesses basic functional mobility in routine practice,¹⁸ is representative of daily activities, also in stroke patients²⁴ and is conceptually similar to the six-meter walk. Third, our minor stroke population was somewhat younger compared to several previous studies with community-dwelling subjects.^4,10,20,22 Last, the LADIS^4,10 and RUNDMC^5,9 study selected patients based on presence of WMH. This could have led to a higher WMH burden in these cohorts compared to ours. However, as the measurement methods were different (volumetric versus visual scales), it is difficult to compare. In our cohort, 43% had extensive WMH (represented by 1 point in cSVD burden score), while 54% had mild WMH and only 3% had no WMH at all.

Subjectively measured mobility impairment was associated with the total cSVD burden score in non-lacunar stroke patients. The self-reported SIS mobility domain score was available for more patients and therefore increased power. The SIS is a valid and reliable comprehensive stroke-specific health outcome measurement, especially in minor strokes¹⁹ and captures the impact of stroke on multiple domains, including mobility.²⁵ We found a strong correlation between TUG test and SIS mobility domain score, meaning that perceived mobility disturbances are relevant and furthermore, mobility is a broader function than what is measured by the TUG test. The associations we found were present in non-lacunar stroke patients, but not in lacunar stroke patients. A possible explanation could be that stroke subtype is a moderator of the effect of cSVD on outcome; a non-lacunar ischemic stroke could make the brain more vulnerable to the impact of cSVD. Furthermore, as we did not find an association between the total cSVD burden score and mRS three years after minor stroke, it should be noted that any association between the total cSVD burden score and mobility impairment is not simply because of a co-association with worse functional stroke outcome after minor stroke. Therefore, our results indicate that minor non-lacunar stroke patients with a high total cSVD load on MRI are prone to report more often subjective mobility disturbances three years after minor stroke, independent of stroke severity.

Our study has several limitations. Although this is the first study which investigates if the total cSVD burden score could be a possible marker in predicting gait impairment in patients with minor stroke, our sample is small for a common disease like stroke. A larger study is warranted to confirm if the association between gait speed and total cSVD burden reaches significance in a larger sample. We measured gait function at three years after stroke onset, so it could be that significant disabled patients may not have participated in clinical follow-up, leading to selection bias. We did not have gait function at baseline, so we could not explore gait decline, nor correct for pre-existing gait disturbances.

A strength of our study is that it was prospective, systematic and assessments were blinded. We used standardized international consensus criteria² to describe cSVD imaging findings and provide predictive rather than just concurrent mobility data. Furthermore, we used an overall cSVD-related brain damage score. The total cSVD burden score is a pragmatic and simple visual score, which gives a more comprehensive view of the impact of cSVD on the brain.¹² Patients with minor (non-disabling) stroke are an ideal stroke subgroup for exploring the relationship between cSVD burden and gait disturbances, as the impact of stroke itself on outcome measurements is probably reduced.

Summary

The total cSVD burden was not associated with objectively measured gait impairment, nor with subjectively assessed gait disturbances in minor stroke patients, nor in lacunar stroke patients. As patients with non-lacunar stroke and a higher total cSVD burden report more often subjective mobility impairment three years after stroke, the total cSVD burden score is a possible marker to identify non-lacunar stroke patients at risk for subjective gait impairment. These findings should be confirmed in a larger study.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We thank the patients and their families, and the staff of the Brain Research Imaging Centre, Edinburgh, where MRI scanning was performed.

Authors’ contributions

CMJL designed study, performed statistical analysis, drafted and edited the article and prepared the final version. CM, VC and SDJM recruited and assessed the patients. FC helped with statistical analysis. MSD identified patients and participated in expert panel of original study. JS and RvO provided critical input and edited the article. JMW conceived and supervised the original project, provided input and direction and edited the article.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The Mild Stroke Study-2 follow up study at three years was funded by Chest Heart Stroke Scotland. The original MSS-2 study was funded by the Wellcome Trust (ref. 088134/Z/09/A) and Row Fogo Charitable Trust. The imaging was performed at the Brain Research Imaging Centre Edinburgh, which is supported by the SINAPSE collaboration and the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (). The work was supported by European Union Horizon 2020 (EU H2020), PHC-03-15, project No 666881, 'SVDs@Target', and the Fondation Leducq Transatlantic Network of Excellence for Study of Perivascular Spaces in Small Vessel Disease, ref no. 16 CVD 05. The work reflects the views of the authors and not of the funders. CMJL was supported by the Dutch Alzheimer Foundation and VC holds a NHS Research Scotland Fellowship. The work was performed in the Edinburgh Dementia Research Centre in the UK Dementia Research Initiative.

References

Wardlaw

Smith

Dichgans

. Mechanisms of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: insights from neuroimaging. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 483–497.

Wardlaw

Smith

Biessels

et al.

Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 822–838.

Debette

Markus

. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 341: c3666.

Baezner

Blahak

Poggesi

et al.

Association of gait and balance disorders with age-related white matter changes: the LADIS study. Neurology 2008; 70: 935–942.

de Laat

van Norden

Gons

et al.

Gait in elderly with cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 2010; 41: 1652–1658.

Leonards

Ipsen

Malzahn

Fiebach

Endres

Ebinger

. White matter lesion severity in mild acute ischemic stroke patients and functional outcome after 1 year. Stroke 2012; 43: 3046–3051.

Kim

Leeb

. Prognostic impact of cerebral small vessel disease on stroke outcome. J Stroke 2015; 17: 101–110.

The IST-3 collaborative group. Association between brain imaging signs, early and late outcomes, and response to intravenous alteplase after acute ischaemic stroke in the third International Stroke Trial (IST-3): secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14: 485–496.

de Laat

van den Berg

van Norden

Gons

Olde Rikkert

de Leeuw

. Microbleeds are independently related to gait disturbances in elderly individuals with cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 2011; 42: 494–497.

10.

Kreisel

Blahak

Bäzner

et al.

Deterioration of gait and balance over time: the effects of age-related white matter change – the LADIS study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 35: 544–553.

11.

Klarenbeek

Van Oostenbrugge

Rouhl

Knottnerus

ILH

Staals

. Ambulatory blood pressure in patients with lacunar stroke: association with total MRI burden of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 2013; 44: 2995–2999.

12.

Staals

Makin

Doubal

Dennis

Wardlaw

. Stroke subtype, vascular risk factors and total MRI brain small-vessel disease burden. Neurology 2014; 83: 1228–1234.

13.

Huijts

Duits

van Oostenbrugge

Kroon

de Leeuw

Staals

. Accumulation of MRI markers of cerebral small vessel disease is associated with decreased cognitive function. A study in first-ever lacunar stroke and hypertensive patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5: 72.

14.

Staals

Booth

Morris

et al.

Total MRI load of cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive ability in older people. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36: 2806–2811.

15.

Makin

Doubal

Dennis

Wardlaw

. Clinically confirmed stroke with negative diffusion-weighted imaging magnetic resonance imaging: longitudinal study of clinical outcomes, stroke recurrence, and systematic review. Stroke 2015; 46: 3142–3148.

16.

Valdés Hernández

del

Armitage

Thrippleton

et al.

Rationale, design and methodology of the image analysis protocol for studies of patients with cerebral small vessel disease and mild stroke. Brain Behav 2015; 5: e00415.

17.

Wardlaw

Makin

Valdés Hernández

et al.

Blood-brain barrier failure as a core mechanism in cerebral small vessel disease and dementia: evidence from a cohort study. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13: 634–643.

18.

Podsiadlo

Richardson

. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148.

19.

Duncan

Wallace

Lai

Johnson

Embretson

Laster

. The stroke impact scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke 1999; 30: 2131–2140.

20.

Pinter

Ritchie

Doubal

et al.

Impact of small vessel disease in the brain on gait and balance. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 41637.

21.

Field

Doubal

Johnson

et al.

Early life characteristics and late life burden of cerebral small vessel disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Aging 2016; 8: 2039–2061.

22.

Hatate

Miwa

Matsumoto

et al.

Association between cerebral small vessel diseases and mild parkinsonian signs in the elderly with vascular risk factors. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 26: 29–34.

23.

Fahn

Elton

Members of the UPDRS Development Committee. In: Fahn

et al. (ed). Recent developments in Parkinson's disease 1987; Vol. 2, Florham Park, New Jersey: Macmillan Health Care Information, pp. 153–163.

24.

Hershkovitz

Gottlieb

Beloosesky

Brill

. Assessing the potential for functional improvement of stroke patients attending a geriatric day hospital. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2006; 43: 243–248.

25.

Lai

Studenski

Duncan

Perera

. Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the stroke impact scale. Stroke 2002; 33: 1840–1844.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.26 MB

The relation between total cerebral small vessel disease burden and gait impairment in patients with minor stroke

Abstract

Background and aims

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Aims

Methods

Results

Patients and baseline characteristics

Association between total cSVD burden and (log-transformed) TUG test

Association between total cSVD burden and self-reported SIS mobility domain

Association between total cSVD burden and mRS

Discussion

Summary

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Authors’ contributions

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

References

Supplementary Material