In a series of articles, I argue for a different relationship between investigators and subjects of clinical research – one that is based on partnership in shared aims. This would require significant behavioural change since any relationship of this nature requires each partner to recognise their duties within it. This third essay examines the duties that would fall on patients in this partnership.
References
1.
SteinerTJ. Guinea pig duties: 1. The need for clinical research. Res Ethics Rev2005; 1: 5–12.
2.
SteinerTJ. Guinea pig duties: 2. The origin of patients’ duties in clinical research. Res Ethics Rev2005; 1: 45–52.
3.
HarrisJ. Scientific research is a moral duty. J Med Ethics2005; 31: 242–248.
4.
BeauchampTLChildressJF. Principles of biomedical ethics3rd edition. New York: Oxford Univ Press1989, p 197.
5.
Ibid, pp 371–372.
6.
BradleyF. Ethical studies. London 1876 (cited by Toulmin S in: Contemporary issues in bioethics 3rd edn, ed Beauchamp TL, Walters LeR. Belmont CA: Wadsworth 1989, p 49).
7.
SmartJJC in: Utilitarianism for and against, ed SmartJJCWilliamsB. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press1973 repr 1991, pp 57–62.
8.
BrandtRB. Ethical theory. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall1959, p 389.
9.
LevineRJ in: Development of new medicines: ethical questions, ed ChampeyYLevineRJLietmanPS. London: Royal Society of Medicine1989, pp 7–15.
10.
SchwartzDLellouchJ. Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutic trials. J Chron Dis1967; 20: 637–648.
11.
FeinsteinAR. An additional basic science for clinical medicine: II. The limitations of randomized trials. Ann Intern Med1983; 99: 544–550 and 843–848.
12.
FeinsteinAR. An additional basic science for clinical medicine: IV. The development of clinimetrics. Ann Intern Med1983; 99: 843–848.
13.
GillonR. Ethics needs principles — four can encompass the rest — and respect for autonomy should be ‘first among equals’. J Med Ethics2003; 29: 307–312.
14.
RoyDJ in: Development of new medicines: ethical questions, ed ChampeyYLevineRJLietmanPS. London: Royal Society of Medicine1989, p.47.
15.
SearleJR. How to derive ‘ought’ from ‘is’. Philos Rev1964, no. 73.
16.
TrustedJ. Moral principles and social values. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul1987, pp 81–89.
17.
SidgwickH. The methods of ethics7th edn. London: Macmillan1907, pp 315–316.
18.
BeauchampTL in: Contemporary issues in bioethics3rd edn, ed BeauchampTLWalterLeR. Belmont CA: Wadsworth1989, p 23.
19.
SurboneA in: Communication with the cancer patient. Information and truth, ed SurboneAZwitterM. New York: New York Academy of Sciences1997, p 12.
20.
KantI. Fundamental principles of the metaphysics of morals. Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books1988.
21.
MayWF in: Medicine and moral reasoning, ed FulfordKWMGillettGSoskiceJM. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press1994, pp 75–90.
22.
SurboneA in: Communication with the cancer patient. Information and truth, Op cit, pp 7–16.
23.
GloverJ. Causing death and saving lives. Harmondsworth: Penguin1990, pp 287–289.
24.
BokS. Lying: moral choice in public and private life. London: Quartet Books, Penguin1986.
