The New Spirit of Capitalism relied heavily upon the theory of organizational decline and the concepts of exit and voice developed by Albert O. Hirschman in his seminal essay, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty from 1970. As a result, capitalism and its spirit were thought within an organizational paradigm. However, the integration of Hirschman’s theory was not unproblematic, since voice was excluded from the level of organizations, resulting in a failure to account for internal critique. By revisiting Hirschman’s theory, the context in which it developed, and by juxtaposing this with the theory of The New Spirit of Capitalism, it is argued that the spatial metaphors of ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ of capitalism should be revised, along with a revision of the analogy between capitalism and an organization. Ultimately, critique always comes from ‘within’.
Baer, W.1970. Untitled review of Exit, voice, and loyalty. Journal of Economic Literature8 (3): 811-814.
2.
Bell, D.1976. The cultural contradictions of capitalism. London: Heinemann.
3.
Boltanski, L.1999. Distant suffering: Morality, media and politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4.
Boltanski, L., and È. Chiapello .2002. The new spirit of capitalism . Paper presented at the conference of Europeanists , Chicago, 14-16 March [Online] www.sociologia.unimib.it/mastersqs/rivi/boltan.pdf
5.
Boltanski, L., and È. Chiapello .2007. The new spirit of capitalism . London: Verso.
6.
Boltanski, L., and L. Thévenot .2006. On justification: Economies of worth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
7.
Budgen, S.2000. A new ‘spirit of capitalism’. New Left Review1: 149-156.
8.
Chiapello, È.2007. Accounting and the birth of the notion of capitalism. Critical Perspectives on Accounting18(3): 263-296.
9.
Cyert, R.M., and J.G. March.1963. Behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
10.
Fleming, P., and A. Spicer.2007. Contesting the corporation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11.
Foxley, A., M. McPerson, and G. O’Donnell, eds. 1986 . Development, democracy, and the art of trespassing: Essays in honor of Albert O. Hirschman. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
12.
Friedman, M.2002. Capitalism and freedom. Fortieth anniversary edition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
13.
Gadrey, J., A. Hatchue, L. Boltanski, and È. Chiapello .2001. Symposium sur: Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme. Sociologie du travail43: 389-421.
14.
Habermas, J.1984. The theory of communicative action, Vol. 1. London: Heinemann .
15.
Habermas, J.1987. The theory of communicative action, Vol. 2. Cambridge: Polity .
16.
Heilbroner, R.L.1985. The nature and logic of capitalism. New York: Norton.
17.
Hess, A.1999. ‘The economy of morals and its applications’: An attempt to understand some central concepts in the work of Albert O. Hirschman . Review of International Political Economy6(3): 338-359.
18.
Hirschman, A.O.1970. Exit, voice and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
19.
Hirschman, A.O.1984. University activities abroad and human rights violations: Exit, voice, or business as usual. Human Rights Quarterly6(1): 21-26.
20.
Hirschman, A.O.1992. Rival views of market society. In Rival views of market society and other recent essays, A.O. Hirschman.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21.
Hirschman, A.O.1993. Exit, voice, and the fate of the German Democratic Republic: An essay in conceptual history. World Politics45(2): 173-202.
22.
Hirschman, A.O.1997. The passions and the interests: Political arguments for capitalism before its triumph. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
23.
Hirschman, A.O.2001. Crossing boundaries: Selected writings. New York: Zone Books.
24.
Hirschman, A.O.2002. Shifting involvements: Private interest and public action . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
25.
Honneth, A.2004. Organized self-realization: Some paradoxes of individualization . European Journal of Social Theory7(4): 463-478.
26.
Lazzarato, M.2007. The misfortunes of the ‘artistic critique’ and of cultural employment. EIPCP (European institute for progressive cultural politics) [Online] eipcp.net/transversal/0207/lazzarato/en
27.
Leca, B., and P. Naccache.2008. ‘Le Nouvel Esprit du Capitalisme’: Some reflections from France. Organization15: 614-619.
28.
Lepine, J.A., and L. Van Dyne .1998. Predicting voice behavior in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology86(6): 853-868.
29.
Parker, M.2008. The seventh city. Organization15: 610-614.
30.
Reid, J.D., Jr.1973. Untitled review of Exit, voice, and loyalty. The Journal of Political Economy81(4): 1042-1045.
31.
Rokkan, S.1974. Politics between economy and culture: An international seminar on Albert O. Hirschman’s Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Social Science Information13(1): 27-38.
32.
Saunders, D.M.1992. Introduction to research on Hirschman’s Exit, voice, and loyalty model. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal5(3): 187-190.
33.
Schumpeter, J.1947. The creative response in economic history. The Journal of Economic History3(2): 149-159.
34.
Schwartz, L.B.1972. Untitled review of Exit, voice, and loyalty. University of Pennsylvania Law Review120(6): 1210-1214.
35.
Simon, H.A.1952. A behavioral model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics69: 98-118.
36.
Skinner, Q.2002. Visions of politics. Volume 1: Regarding method. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37.
Smith, J.H.1998. The Enduring Legacy of Elton Mayo. Human Relations51(3): 221-249.
38.
Tullock, G.1970. Untitled review of Exit, voice, and loyalty. The Journal of Finance25(5): 1194-1195.
39.
Virno, P.2004. A grammar of the multitude. [Online] www.generation-online.org/c/fcmultitude3.htm#GrammarOfTheMultitude-div1-id2873559
40.
Weber, M.1930. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. London: George Allen & Unwin.
41.
Wingrove, C.R.1971. Untitled review of Exit, voice, and loyalty. Social Forces49(3): 502.
42.
Zhou, J., and J.M. George.2001. When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. The Academy of Management Journal44(4): 682-696.
