Musculoskeletal ultrasound utilises high-frequency linear transducers to produce high-resolution images of soft tissue structures. It is an increasingly useful tool in the assessment of both acute and chronic musculoskeletal injuries; it is relatively cheap, portable and can be used to facilitate targeted injections. In this review paper, we aim to provide a summary on the normal and abnormal appearances of skeletal tissue in the setting of acute and chronic lower limb sporting injuries.
De Freitas Guina FachinaRJAndradeMDSSilvaFR. Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in a Brazilian premier league soccer team. Open access J Sport Med2013; 4: 171–4.
2.
FongDTChanY-YMokK-M. Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol2009; 1: 14–14.
TorrianiMKattapuramSV. Musculoskeletal ultrasound: an alternative imaging modality for sports-related injuries. Top Magn Reson Imaging2003; 14: 103–111.
5.
EricksonSJ. Sonography of the foot and ankle. Foot Ankle Clin2000; 5: 29–48 (v).
6.
PeetronsP. Ultrasound of muscles. Eur Radiol2002; 12: 35–43.
7.
JacobsonJAvan HolsbeeckMT. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. Orthop Clin North Am1998; 29: 135–67.
8.
JamadarDARobertsonBLJacobsonJA. Musculoskeletal sonography: important imaging pitfalls. Am J Roentgenol2010; 194: 216–25.
9.
GrimmAPrellTDécardBF. Muscle ultrasonography as an additional diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol2015; 126: 820–7.
10.
KannusP. Structure of the tendon connective tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports2000; 10: 312–20.
11.
O’ConnorPJHodgsonRJGraingerAJ. Tendon and ligament imaging. Br J Radiol2012; 85: 1157–72.
BastosFNVanderleiFMVanderleiLCM. Investigation of characteristics and risk factors of sports injuries in young soccer players: a retrospective study. Int Arch Med2013; 6: 14–14.
14.
LinTWTWCardenasLSoslowskyLJLJ. Biomechanics of tendon injury and repair. J Biomech2004; 37: 865–77.
15.
MaganarisCNNariciMVAlmekindersLC. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of overuse tendon injuries: ideas on insertional tendinopathy. Sports Med2004; 34: 1005–17.
16.
WooSL-YAbramowitchSDKilgerR. Biomechanics of knee ligaments: injury, healing, and repair. J Biomech2006; 39: 1–20.
Mueller-WohlfahrtH-WHaenselLMithoeferK. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: The Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med2013; 47: 342–50.
22.
MegliolaAEutropiFScorzelliA. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in sports-related muscle injuries. Radiol Med2006; 111: 836–45.
ConnellDASchneider-KolskyMEHovingJL. Longitudinal study comparing sonographic and MRI assessments of acute and healing hamstring injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol2004; 183: 975–84.
25.
WaldenMEkstrandJEnglishB. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med2012; 46: 112–7.
KilcoyneKGDickensJFKeblishD. Outcome of grade I and II hamstring injuries in intercollegiate athletes: a novel rehabilitation protocol. Sports Health2011; 3: 528–33.
28.
WoodhouseJBMcNallyEG. Ultrasound of skeletal muscle injury: an update. Semin Ultrasound CT MR2011; 32: 91–100.
29.
GirolamiMGallettiSMontanariG. Common peroneal nerve palsy due to hematoma at the fibular neck. J Knee Surg2013; 26(Suppl 1): S132–5.
30.
PomeranzSJHeidtRS. MR imaging in the prognostication of hamstring injury. Work in progress. Radiology1993; 189: 897–900.
31.
CriscoJJHentelKDJacksonWO. Maximal contraction lessens impact response in a muscle contusion model. J Biomech1996; 29: 1291–6.
32.
LeeJCHealyJ. Sonography of lower limb muscle injury. Am J Roentgenol2004; 182: 341–51.
33.
AlessandrinoFBalconiG. Complications of muscle injuries. J Ultrasound2013; 16: 215–22.
MillerAEDavisBABeckleyOA. Bilateral and recurrent myositis ossificans in an athlete: a case report and review of treatment options. Arch Phys Med Rehabil2006; 87: 286–90.
36.
LacoutAMarcyP-YCarlierR. Myositis ossificans imaging: keys to successful diagnosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging2012; 22: 35–9.
37.
BeggsI. Sonography of muscle hernias. Am J Roentgenol2003; 180: 395–9.
38.
ParraJAFernandezMAEncinasB. Morel-Lavallée effusions in the thigh. Skeletal Radiol1997; 26: 239–41.
39.
TejwaniSGCohenSBBradleyJP. Management of Morel-Lavallee lesion of the knee: twenty-seven cases in the national football league. Am J Sports Med2007; 35: 1162–7.
40.
SharmaPMaffulliN. Biology of tendon injury: healing, modeling and remodeling. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact2006; 6: 181–90.
41.
MicheliLJFehlandtAF. Overuse injuries to tendons and apophyses in children and adolescents. Clin Sports Med1992; 11: 713–26.
42.
RobinsonP. Sonography of common tendon injuries. Am J Roentgenol2009; 193: 607–18.
43.
KhouryVGuillinRDhanjuJ. Ultrasound of ankle and foot: overuse and sports injuries. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol2007; 11: 149–61.
44.
MagnussenRADunnWRThomsonAB. Nonoperative treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med2009; 19: 54–64.
45.
FessellDPVanderschuerenGMJacobsonJA. US of the ankle: technique, anatomy, and diagnosis of pathologic conditions. RadioGraphics1998; 18: 325–40.
46.
AllenGMWilsonDJ. Ultrasound in sports medicine – a critical evaluation. Eur J Radiol2007; 62: 79–85.
47.
HirjiZHunjunJSChoudurHN. Imaging of the bursae. J Clin Imaging Sci2011; 1: 22–22.
