Changes in Structure and Function of the Left Ventricle in the Hypertension Syndrome

Devereux RB Roman MJ : Hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy: Pathophysiologic and clinical characteristics In Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Edited by Laragh JH Brenner BM. New York: Raven Press; 1995: 409–437.

Ganau A Devereux RB Roman MJ De Simone G Pickering TG Saba PS : Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:1550–1558. ∗ This study defines the four patterns of left ventricular structure in hypertensive LVH.

Hammon IW Devereux RB Alderman MH Laragh JH : Relation of blood pressure and body build to left ventricular mass in normotensive and hypertensive employed adults J Am Coll Cardiol 1988, 12:966–1004.

Ganau A Devereux RB Pickering TG Roman MJ Schnall PL Santucci S : Relation of left ventricular hemodynamic load and contractile performance to left ventricular mass in hypertension Circulation 1990, 81:25–36.

Devereux RB Pickering TG : Ambulatory blood pressure in assessing the cardiac impact and prognosis of hypertension In Handbook of Hypertension, Vol 14: Blood Pressure Measurement. Edited by O'Brien E O'Malley K. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991:261–285.

Roman MJ Saba PS Pini R Spitzer M Pickering TG Rosen S : Parallel cardiac and vascular adaptation in hypertension Circulation 1992, 86:1909–1918.

Devereux RB Pickering TG Harshfield GA Kleinert HD Denby L Clark L : Left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension: Importance of blood pressure responses to regularly recurring stress Circulation 1983, 68:470–476.

Gosse P Campello G Aouizerate E Roudant R Braustet J-P Dallochio M : Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension; correlation with rest, exercise and ambulatory systolic blood pressure J Hypertens 1986, 4 (suppl 5):S297–S299.

Ren J-F Hakki A-H Kotler MN Iskandrian A : Exercise systolic blood pressure: A powerful determinant of increased left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension J Am Coll Cardiol 1985, 5:1224–1231.

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Koren MJ Mensam GA Blake J Laragh JH Devereux RB : Comparison of left ventricular mass and geometry in black and white patients with essential hypertension Am J Hypertens 1993, 6:815–823.

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Lindpointer K Sen S : Role of sodium in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy Circ Res 1985, 57:610–617.

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Devereux RB Savage DD Drayer JIM Laragh JH : Left ventricular hypertrophy and function in high, normal, and low-renin forms of essential hypertension Hypertension 1982, 4:524–531. ∗ This study tested the hypothesis that the level of renin activity influences the degree of LVH. No relationship was found.

Yoshitomi Y Nishikimi T Abe H Yosiwara F Suzuki T Ashizawa A : Comparison of changes in cardiac structure after treatment in secondary hypertension Hypertension 1996, 27:319–323. * This study suggested that aldosterone, via volume expansion and pressor effect, may be responsible for LVH in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism.

Rossi GP Sacchetto A Visentin P Canali C Graniero GR Palatini P : Changes in left ventricular anatomy and function in hypertension and primary aldosteronism Hypertension 1996, 27:1039–1045. * This study suggested that in patients with hyperaldosteronism, LVH development may be mediated not only via increased volume and pressure, but also through a direct effect of aldosterone.

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McLenachan JM Henderson E Morris KI Dargie HJ : Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy N Engl J Med 1987, 317:787–792. ∗ This study demonstrated increased arrhythmias in patients with ECG LVH and found that arrhythmias were not influenced by diuretic therapy.

Martin WH Coyle EF Esani AA : Effects of physical deconditioning after intense endurance training on left ventricular dimensions and stroke volume J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 7:982–989

Casale PN Devereux RB Milner M Jullo G Harshfield GA Pickering TG : Value of echocardiography measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men Ann Intern Med 1986, 105:173–178.

Koren MJ Devereux RB Casale PN Davage DD Laragh JH : Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension Ann Intern Med 1991, 114:345–352. * This is one of the most important studies that demonstrated association of echocardiography LVH with increased cardiovascular risk.

Ghali JK Liao Y Simmons B Castaner A Cao G Cooper RS : The prognostic role of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with or without coronary artery disease Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:831–836. * This study demonstrated increased cardiovascular risk in LVH patients with or without obstructive coronary disease.

Houghton JL Frank MJ Carr AA vonDohlen TW Prisant LM : Relations among impaired coronary flow reserve, left ventricular hypertrophy and thallium perfusion defects in hypertensive patients without obstructive coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 1990, 15:43–51.

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McLenachan JM Henderson E Morris KI Dargie HG : Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy N Engl J Med 1987, 317:787–792.

Papademetriou V Gottdiener JS Fletcher RD Freis ED : Echocardiographic assessment by computer-assisted analysis of diastolic left ventricular function and hypertrophy in borderline or mild hypertension Am J Cardiol 1985, 56:546–550.

Schmieder RE Martus P Klingbeil A : Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies JAMA 1996, 275:1507–1513. * This meta-analysis of LVH regression studies used strict selection criteria and included only well controlled trials.

Liebson PR Grandits GA Dianzumba S Prineas RJ Grimm RH Jr Neaton JD : Comparison of five antihypertensive monotherapies and placebo for change in left ventricular mass in patients receiving nutritional-hygienic therapy in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) Circulation 1995, 91:689–706. * The TOMHS study is one of the major trials comparing various antihypertensive agents and their specific effects on LVH regression. It demonstrated that diuretics are probably more effective than other agents.

Gottdiener JS Reda MS Massie BM Matterson BJ Williams D Anderson RJ : Effects of single-drug therapy on reduction of left ventricular mass in mild to moderate hypertension Circulation 1997, 95:2007–2014. * This is a very important study from the Veteran's Administration monotherapy trial. It showed that diuretics and ACE inhibitors were more efficacious in reducing left ventricular mass than were other treatments.

Kokkinos PF Narayan P Colleran JA Pittaras A Notargiacomo A Reda D : Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension N Engl J Med 1996, 333:1462–1467. * This study demonstrated that regular exercise of moderate intensity not only lowers blood pressure, but can also reduce LVH in patients with severe hypertension.

Kokkinos PF Narayan P Fletcher RD Tsagadopoulos D Papademetriou V : Effects of aerobic training on exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise in African-Americans with severe hypertension treated with indapamide ± verapamil ± enalapril Am J Cardiol 1997, 79 (suppl 10):1424–1426.